Phthalates and pharmaceuticals in soil, groundwater, and surface water downgradient of a wastewater soil infiltration system

Abstract

This study investigates the occurrence, attenuation, and ecological risks of phthalates and pharmaceuticals in a long-operating wastewater soil infiltration system in northern Sweden. Concentrations of 15 phthalates, 67 pharmaceuticals, caffeine, and acesulfame K were measured in influent wastewater, groundwater, soil, and a downgradient pond across multiple seasons. Results showed that most micropollutant removal occurred in the unsaturated soil zone prior to groundwater recharge, possibly due to processes such as biodegradation and sorption. Substantial reductions were observed for caffeine (&gt;99 %), carbamazepine (&gt;96 %), losartan (&gt;99 %), and phthalates (51 ± 72 % and 92 ± 5 %), with the higher attenuation for phthalates comparable to conventional activated sludge treatment. In contrast, compounds such as metoprolol exhibited moderate reductions (&gt;71 %), while others showed low or even negative attenuation, including diclofenac (46 % and −180 %) and ibuprofen (33 % and −11 %). After groundwater recharge, only ibuprofen showed attenuation beyond dilution, although the mechanisms for this remains unknown. Several pharmaceuticals, including metoprolol, irbesartan, and metformin, were detected in soil samples, though it is unclear whether they were sorbed to the soil matrix or present in porewater. In downgradient surface water, diclofenac and ibuprofen exceeded risk quotient thresholds, while oxazepam surpassed the lowest predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) in one sample, indicating ecological risks. Overall, the findings highlight both the strengths and limitations of soil infiltration systems in mitigating micropollutant contamination, emphasizing the importance of vadose zone processes while underscoring uncertainties in sorption and degradation mechanismsFull text: CC BY license;</p