Designing for Well-Being in Pediatric Patients Scheduled for Surgery

Abstract

Objectives: Children scheduled for surgery and anesthesia often experience fear and anxiety before the procedure, as well as pain afterward. While medical treatments are essential for managing these challenges, design strategies that positively influence environmental and psychological factors can significantly improve children's experiences and their overall subjective well-being. This narrative literature review examines “design for well-being” strategies that support the subjective well-being of children undergoing surgical procedures. Background: According to the World Health Organization, health is defined not merely as the absence of disease but as a state of complete physical and mental well-being. Achieving such well-being requires not only medical care but also the optimization of environmental and psychological conditions that impact emotional states. Today, evidence-based, multidisciplinary approaches are recommended to promote well-being. In health-related design, one focus is on improving the quality of medical care, while another addresses non-medical factors that influence subjective well-being. Methods: This research employs a non-systematic literature review methodology, utilizing existing literature and evidence-based approaches to synthesize relevant strategies. Results: Enhancing subjective well-being—through evidence-based design strategies such as age-appropriate environmental modifications, sensory-friendly elements, and interactive distraction tools—alongside optimized medical practices in pediatric surgeries contributes to improved clinical outcomes and reduced perioperative stress. The review highlights “design for well-being” strategies, which effectively support the subjective well-being of children undergoing surgical procedures. Conclusions: Emphasizing “design for well-being” strategies is crucial for enhancing the overall experiences and well-being of children undergoing surgery. Future research should focus on the implementation and long-term impact of these design interventions to further validate their effectiveness and scalability. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved