Sensitivity Analysis in Simple Cycles for Hydrogen Liquefaction

Abstract

Due to the increase in global energy demand, as well as environmental concerns, hydrogen presents itself as a promising energy source. Liquid hydrogen is more suited for long-distance transportation, but hydrogen liquefaction is an energy-intensive process, and many studies have been published proposing more efficient liquefaction cycles. In this study, simple hydrogen liquefaction cycles like Claude, pre-cooled Linde–Hampson (PLH), single mixed refrigerant (SMR), and dual mixed refrigerant (DMR) were assessed regarding the influence of the cycle’s high pressure on energy efficiency, exergy destruction, and its distribution along the equipment. Among the main results, Claude presented the best specific energy consumption (SEC) of 16.47 kWh/kgLH, followed by DMR with an SEC of 17.30 kWh/kgLH, SMR with 17.58 kWh/kgLH, and finally PLH, with an SEC of 45.07 kWh/kgLH. The exergy efficiency followed the same pattern as the SEC, with Claude having the lowest exergy destruction, followed by DMR and SMR with close exergy destruction, and finally PLH. Nonetheless, although cycles were not optimized in evaluating the effect of increasing the high pressure, which constrains the direct applicability of the result found, especially in the pre-cooled cycles, the analysis provides valuable insights into the sensitivity of cycle performance. The method and its findings provide the basis for further studies, including optimization stepsThis research was funded by National Council for Scientific and Technological Development—CNPq, grants number 131624/2023-7, 309026/2022-9, 406544/2023-9, and 307705/2025-0, the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brasil (CAPES)—Finance Code 001, and the Spanish “Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación”, project PID2021-124139NB-C21