Phylogenetic Analysis of Plasmodium falciparum Strains in Nigeria

Abstract

Malaria continues to be a significant public health issue in Nigeria, primarily due to Plasmodium falciparum's genetic adaptability, which complicates its eradication efforts. To examine the phylogenetic diversity, drug resistance patterns, and molecular adaptations of P. falciparum strains in Nigeria, this review systematically synthesised findings from 56 peer-reviewed studies published between 2000 and 2023. PCR, sequencing, and in silico methods were employed to analyse critical genetic markers, including msp1, msp2, pfcrt, pfmdr1, and kelch13. The results indicated that the multiplicity of infection (MOI) and genetic diversity were both high. Southern Nigeria exhibited a substantially higher MOI than northern regions, with Ibadan and Lagos isolates recording MOI values exceeding 3.0 and Katsina isolates remaining below 1.5. It is important to note that chloroquine resistance markers are present in over 60% of isolates, despite policy changes.Additionally, low-frequency kelch13 variants were detected in the northern region, despite the rarity of artemisinin resistance mutations. Geographical barriers and human migration were identified as shaping forces, as evolutionary analyses emphasised region-specific clade formations and restricted gene flow across ecological zones. Additionally, diagnostic reliability in certain regions is compromised by deletions in the hrp2/hrp3 loci. These results emphasise the pressing necessity of investing in genomics infrastructure, regionally tailored treatment guidelines, and integrated molecular surveillance to facilitate precision malaria control and inform vaccine development strategies in Nigeria