Functionalization of stainless steel surfaces for use as medical implants

Abstract

Medicinski implantati su uređaji koji se ugrađuju u tijelo kako bi nadomjestili ili poboljšali funkciju određenih dijelova organizma. Najčešće su izrađeni od metalnih, polimernih ili keramičkih materijala te se primjenjuju u različitim područjima medicine poput ortopedije, kardiologije, neurologije, stomatologije i plastične kirurgije. Ključni izazov kod primjene metalnih implantata, poput umjetnih kukova, stentova i dentalnih implantata, jest korozija, koja može utjecati na biokompatibilnost. Korištenje materijala s visokom otpornošću na koroziju, kao i primjena odgovarajućih prevlaka mogu smanjiti pojavu korozije. Metalni implantati, posebice izrađeni od nehrđajućeg čelika, česti su izbor zbog karakteristika poput čvrstoće, relativne korozijske otpornosti i dobre biokompatibilnosti. U ovom radu istraživana je korozijska otpornost medicinskog nehrđajućeg čelika uz primjenu inovativnih nanoprevlaka na bazi masnih kiselina. Behenska kiselina (dokosanoinska kiselina) dugolančana je zasićena masna kiselina kemijske formule C21H43COOH. Masne kiseline djeluju kao površinski aktivne tvari zahvaljujući svojoj amfipatskoj strukturi, koja se sastoji od hidrofilne (polarne) glave i hidrofobnog (nepolarnog) repa. Kemisorpcijom hidrofilnih glava na površinu metala, masne kisline stvaraju stabilan monosloj, dok njihovi dugi hidrofobni repovi osiguravaju hidrofobni karakter površine. Dodatnim umrežavanjem tih monoslojeva pomoću ionizirajućeg zračenja, prevlake postaju značajno otpornije i dugotrajnije. U ovom istraživanju ispitano je ponašanje medicinskog nehrđajućeg čelika 316L u simuliranim tjelesnim tekućinama, s ciljem usporedbe korozijskog ponašanja čelika prekrivenog umreženim i neumreženim slojem behenske kiseline. Rezultati su pokazali trend povećanja korozijske otpornosti kod umreženih monoslojeva koji su dulje bili izloženi simuliranim tjelesnim tekućinama.Medical implants are devices inserted into the body to replace or improve the function of certain body parts. They are most commonly made from metallic, polymeric, or ceramic materials and are used in various fields of medicine such as orthopedics, cardiology, neurology, dentistry, and plastic surgery. A key challenge with the use of metallic implants, such as artificial hips, stents, and dental implants, is corrosion, which can affect biocompatibility. Using materials with high corrosion resistance, as well as applying suitable coatings, can reduce this issue. Metallic implants, particularly those made from stainless steel, are a frequent choice due to their characteristics such as strength, relative corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. This study investigates the corrosion resistance of medical-grade steel modified by new fatty acid-based nanocoatings. Behenic acid (docosanoic acid) is a long-chain saturated fatty acid with the chemical formula C21H43COOH. Fatty acids act as surfactants due to their amphipathic structure, which includes a hydrophilic (polar) head and a hydrophobic (nonpolar) tail. Through chemisorption of the hydrophilic heads, fatty acids create a monolayer on the metal surface, while their long hydrophobic tails impart a hydrophobic effect to the surface. With additional cross-linking of the monolayers using ionizing radiation, the coatings become significantly more resistant and durable. In this study, the behaviour of medical-grade 316L stainless steel was examined in simulated body fluids, with the aim of comparing the corrosion resistance of the steel coated with cross-linked and non-cross-linked behenic acid layers. The results showed a trend of increased corrosion resistance for molecular layers that were crosslinked and exposed to simulated body fluids for a longer duration period

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This paper was published in Croatian Digital Thesis Repository.

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