Respiratory manifestations in children with inherited metabolic diseases

Abstract

Nasljedne metaboličke bolesti su monogenske bolesti uzrokovane patogenim varijantama u genima koji kodiraju enzime i transportne proteine nužne za neometano odvijanje metaboličkih procesa u organizmu. Budući da je riječ o bolestima koje najčešće zahvaćaju više organskih sustava, među njima se ističe respiratorni sustav kao jedan od vodećih uzroka morbiditeta i mortaliteta. Respiratorni simptomi u okviru ovih bolesti vrlo su raznoliki i ovise o specifičnom mehanizmu nastanka i vrsti supstrata koji se nakuplja u podležećoj bolesti. Mogu zahvaćati plućni parenhim, dišne putove ili pak respiratornu muskulaturu, bilo kao dio kliničke slike na početku bolesti ili kao kasna komplikacija. Akutni respiratorni simptomi mogu potaknuti dekompenzaciju podležeće metaboličke bolesti, dovodeći do daljnje progresije bolesti i respiratornog zatajenja. Time nerijetko dovode do učestalijih hospitalizacija i značajno povećavaju ukupne troškove liječenja. U ovom radu bit će prikazane najčešće nasljedne metaboličke bolesti koje u svojoj kliničkoj slici uključuju respiratorne simptome. Bolesti su grupirane prema dominantnoj zahvaćenosti na one koje zahvaćaju plućni parenhim, zatim one koje se očituju plućnom hipertenzijom, one koje zahvaćaju pretežito gornje dišne puteve te one koje narušavaju funkciju respiratorne muskulature. Na kraju će biti prikazane i one koje zahvaćaju središnji i periferni živčani sustav te time neizravno utječu na funkciju disanja. Zbog širokog spektra kliničkih manifestacija, osobito je važno pravodobno prepoznati osnovni metabolički poremećaj i odmah započeti odgovarajuće liječenje, kako same bolesti tako i njenih respiratornih komplikacija. Moderna terapijska rješenja, poput enzimskog nadomjesnog liječenja, pokazala su značajan terapijski potencijal, mijenjajući prirodni tijek bolesti, a u pojedinim slučajevima dovodeći i do potpunog kliničkog oporavka. Međutim, s produljenjem preživljenja i promjenom fenotipskih obilježja, javljaju se novi izazovi koji zahtjevaju razvitak novih modaliteta liječenja i prilagodbu postojećih terapijskih opcija.Inherited metabolic diseases are monogenic disorders caused by pathogenic variants in genes encoding enzymes and transport proteins essential for normal metabolic processes in the human body. Since these diseases often affect multiple organ systems, the respiratory system stands out as one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality. Respiratory symptoms in these diseases are highly variable and depend on the underlying pathophysiological mechanism and the specific type of accumulated substrate. They may involve the pulmonary parenchyma, airways, or respiratory musculature, either as an early manifestation or as a late complication. Acute respiratory symptoms may precipitate decompensation of the underlying metabolic disorder, leading to further disease progression and respiratory failure. Consequently, these symptoms result in more frequent hospitalizations and significantly increase the overall treatment costs. This review will discuss the most common inherited metabolic diseases that present with respiratory symptoms. The diseases are grouped according to the predominant site of involvement into those affecting the pulmonary parenchyma, those manifesting as pulmonary hypertension, those primarily involving the upper airways, and those impairing the function of respiratory muscles. Finally, diseases affecting the central and peripheral nervous system, which indirectly influence respiratory function, will also be addressed. Due to the wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, early recognition of the underlying metabolic disorder and prompt initiation of appropriate therapy, for both the primary disease and its respiratory complications, is of utmost importance. Modern therapeutic approaches, such as enzyme replacement therapy, have shown considerable potential by altering the natural course of disease and, in some cases, achieving complete clinical resolution. However, as survival improves and phenotypic presentation changes, new challenges are emerging that demand further development and adaptation of treatment strategies

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This paper was published in Croatian Digital Thesis Repository.

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