Cultures afro-descendantes des Amériques: entre survivance et effacement

Abstract

Cultures afro-descendantes des Amériques: entre survivance et effacementInternational audienceThis article explores the stark contrast between Afro-descendant cultures across the Americas. While countries such as Brazil, Cuba, and Haiti display rich and ongoing African cultural survivals, the African-American culture in the United States seems, by comparison, to exhibit an absence or erasure of African roots. The author argues that this is not a result of assimilation, but of a deliberate symbolic destruction engineered by the American slave system.The U.S. model of slavery aimed to break familial ties, eradicate languages, and erase religious and cultural practices, effectively attempting to produce a new kind of being: culturally void, socially isolated, and politically neutralized. In contrast, Latin American slavery, though also violent, allowed for more cultural blending and African retention.American creations like jazz, gospel, and blues are interpreted here not as signs of assimilation but as artistic responses to cultural suffocation—forms of survival through reinvention under constraint. These expressions were often misread by white society as integration, masking their radical resistance nature.The article critiques generalized theories such as creolization, particularly as developed by scholars like Mintz, Price, and Glissant. While valuable in some contexts, the concept may act as a conceptual smokescreen, obscuring the historical singularity and trauma of the African-American experience. A theoretical framework that overemphasizes blending risks depoliticizing the unique cultural genocide faced by African Americans.In conclusion, the piece calls for a differentiated analysis of Afro-diasporic histories, cautioning against overly universal frameworks that fail to account for structural and ideological differences between colonial regimes.Cet article analyse les contrastes entre les cultures afro-descendantes des Amériques, en mettant en lumière la survivance culturelle africaine manifeste dans des pays comme le Brésil, Cuba ou Haïti, et l’effacement symbolique observé dans la culture afro-américaine des États-Unis. Il avance que cette différence ne relève pas d’un simple processus d’assimilation, mais d’un projet idéologique de destruction culturelle propre au système esclavagiste américain, fondé sur la déshumanisation, la rupture des filiations, et l’interdiction des langues et religions africaines.Les expressions culturelles afro-américaines telles que le jazz, le blues ou le gospel sont ainsi interprétées comme des formes de résistance créative, issues d’un contexte de vide culturel imposé, souvent mal comprises ou récupérées comme signes d’intégration. L’article critique également les généralisations théoriques autour de concepts comme la créolisation, qui tendent à neutraliser la spécificité du traumatisme afro-américain en l’insérant dans une logique trop uniforme de métissage ou de résilience culturelle.La conclusion insiste sur la nécessité de reconnaître les singularités historiques des différents systèmes esclavagistes pour ne pas dépolitiser les mémoires afro-descendantes sous couvert d’universalité théorique

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Last time updated on 11/06/2025

This paper was published in HAL-Paris1.

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