The Use of Essential Oils against Gastrointestinal Nematodes in Sheep - In Vitro and In Vivo Studies

Abstract

Gastrointestinalne nematode predstavljaju jedan od glavnih problema sa kojima se suočava moderno ovčarstvo, kako u svetu tako i kod nas. Njihov negativni uticaj se obično reflektuje u vidu izazivanja subkliničkog oboljenja sa gubicima telesne mase i padom proizvodnje. Međutim, u pojedinim slučajevima može doći i do klinički vidljivog oboljenja sa pojavom kaheksije, dijareje, anemije, gubitaka proteina i edema, kao i uginuća. Dodatni problem predstavljaju razvoj rezistencije na najčešće korišćene antihelmintičke lekove iz grupe benzimidazola, makrocikličnih laktona i imidazotiazola, kao i rezidue koje ove preparati ostavljaju u životinjskim proizvodima i životnoj sredini. Zbog toga se, u cilju smanjenja upotrebe ovih lekova, danas širom sveta radi na otkrivanju alternativnih rešenja poput razvoja različitih biljnih preparata. Cilj ovih istraživanja, sprovedenih u Regionalnom centru za monitoring parazitoza KREMOPAR u Eboliju (Salerno), Italija je bio ispitati efikasnost in vitro (test izgleganja larvi) i in vivo (test redukcija broja jaja nematoda u fecesu) odabranih etarskih ulja protiv gastrointestinalnih nematoda kod ovaca, uz određivanje bezbednosti primene nekoliko ulja ispitanih u terenskim uslovima (posmatranje tretiranih životinja i praćenje hematoloških i biohemijskih parametara krvi). Dodatno, određen je hemijski sastav svih ispitanih etarskih ulja uz pomoć gasne hromatografije i masene spektrometrije, kao i određena procentualna zastupljenost prisutnih rodova nematoda uz pomoć odgovarajućih ključeva determinacije. Rezultati su pokazali visok antihelmintički potencijal ispitanih ulja čija efikasnost je zavisila od vrste i hemotipa biljke, odnosno hemijskog sastava i prisutnih bioaktivnih jedinjenja, kao i od primenjene koncentracije/doze. Pri tome, nijedno od primenjenih ulja nije izazvalo negativne efekte kod životinja. Od velikog broja ispitanih ulja naročito se istaklo ulje origana, sa karvakrolom kao glavnim sastojkom, koje je pokazalo najveći antihelmintički potencijal od svih ulja generalno testiranih u ovakvim i sličnim istraživanjima. Dalja ispitivanja će biti usmerena ka razvoju odgovarajuće formulacije, zasnovane na kombinaciji pojedinih ulja, koja bi se koristila u praksi, kao i otkrivanju najefikasnijeg načina primene.Gastrointestinal nematodes represent one of the main problems faced by modern sheep breeding all over the world and in Serbia. Their negative impact is usually reflected in the form of subclinical disease with body weight loss and production decline. However, in some cases clinically visible disease can also occur with the signs of cachexia, diarrhea, anemia, protein loss and edema, as well as death. An additional problem is the development of resistance to the most commonly used anthelmintic drugs from the group of benzimidazoles, macrocyclic lactones and imidazothiazoles, as well as the residues that these drugs leave in animal products and the environment. For these reasons, researchers worldwide are focused in discovering alternative solutions, such as the development of various herbal preparations, to reduce the use of commercial anthelmintics. The aim of the present study, carried out at the Regional Center for Parasitosis Monitoring CREMOPAR in Eboli (Salerno), Italy, was to examine the effectiveness in vitro (Egg Hatch Test) and in vivo (Faecal Egg Count Reduction Test) of selected essential oils against gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep, while determining the safety of application of several oils tested in field conditions (clinical observation of treated animals and monitoring of hematological and biochemical blood parameters). In addition, the chemical composition of all tested essential oils was determined by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, and the percentage representation of the nematode genera present was determined using appropriate determination keys. The results showed a high antihelminthic potential of the tested oils, the effectiveness of which depended on the type and chemotype of the plant, i.e. the chemical composition and bioactive compounds present, as well as on the applied concentration/dose. In addition, none of the applied oils caused negative effects in animals. Of the large number of tested oils, the oil of oregano, with carvacrol as the main ingredient, stood out in particular, which showed the highest anthelmintic potential of all the oils generally tested in this and similar research. Further tests will be aimed at developing a suitable formulation based on a combination of individual oils that will be used in the practice, as well as discovering the most efficient way of application

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Last time updated on 16/05/2025

This paper was published in RIMSI.

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