Geographic variation and temporal trends in ice phenology in Norwegian lakes during the period 1890–2020

Abstract

Observations from 1890 to 2020 of ice phenology for 101 Norwegian lakes were used to detect variation in ice phenology. The average date of ice break-up occurred later in spring with increasing elevation, latitude and longitude. The average date of freeze-up and the length of the ice-free period decreased with elevation and longitude. Lakes were completely frozen later recently in autumn. There is a significant trend for earlier break-up, later freeze-up and completely frozen lakes after 1991