Colours and maps for communicating natural hazards to users with and without colour vision deficiency

Natural hazards are often communicated visually using colours and maps. However, users' ability to read and understand these products may be hampered by e.g., colour vision deficiency, potentially rendering the products less effective or even counter effective. To study these effects, we conducted two web-based surveys and analysed how to improve visual communication of avalanches, floods, landslides, and dangerous weather hazards. In survey 1 (n = 79), we tested four traffic light colour palettes, three map legends, and three map patterns used for communicating danger levels on the Norwegian website Varsom.no, to improve accessibility for individuals with and without colour vision deficiency (CVD). In survey 2 (n = 960), we tested four versions of traffic light colour palettes on a larger and international population. Survey 2 also tested six versions of Avalanche terrain exposure scale (ATES) maps on individuals with and without CVD varying in nationality, avalanche education and familiarity with ATES. Results suggest that the colours, legends, and maps used on Varsom should be improved, and that danger levels are best communicated with the colour palette used by Meteoalarm.info – in combination with symbols to help users with CVD. This study found that the colour scheme used for ski run difficulty in Europe was efficient for use with ATES maps for participants with and without CVD and is recommended as a worldwide standard for ATES. Further studies and testing of users’ understanding are recommended to improve clarity of danger level maps and to improve visualization of ATES classes 0 and 1 on maps. Our studies show the hidden potential for efficient and inclusive communication of natural hazards and highlights the importance of including the needs of CVD users in standardisation efforts

Glacier Area Outline 2018-2019

Sentinel-2 imagery were used to map the extent of Norway’s glaciers over 2018–19. A standardized semi-automated band ratio method was used to derive glacier outlines. To optimise the results, manual edits of ice-lake interfaces, debris, snow, and parts of the glaciers situated under shadow were applied. The data set and the uncertainties are described in Andreassen et al. (2022; Journal of Glaciology)

Glacier Lake Outline 2018-2019

Glacier Lake Outline (GLO) for Norway mapped from 2018-2019 Sentinel-2 optical satellite imagery. Lakes included in this product were water bodies that were considered to be connected to glacier boundary (GAO). See further details in Andreassen et al. 2021 and 2022

Karakteristiske tidsparametre for hydrologisk respons i urbane og naturlige nedbørsfelt

Ved å vurdere reisetidsfordelinger, dvs hvordan avløp fra en nedbørshendelse fordeles i tid, kan vi angi en karakteristisk varighet for nedbørhendelser som bør ligge til grunn for ekstremverdianalyse og dimensjonering. I tillegg kan det vurderes hvilken tidsoppløsning som er nødvendig for å gi en tilstrekkelig detaljert beskrivelse av avrenningen. I denne rapporten beskriver vi hvordan transporttid i elvenettverket blir bestemmende for karakteristisk varighet av input (nedbør), og vi beskriver hvordan tidsoppløsningen på avrenningssimuleringer bestemmer hva som er tilstrekkelig detaljeringsgrad for en gitt nedbørfeltstørrelse og midlere hastighet av avrenningsprosessen

sluttrapport for FoU-prosjektet 80412

Rapporten sammenstiller tilgjengelig kunnskap om forskjellige beregningsmetoder og modeller som kan benyttes for å finne kapasiteten til lukka flomløp med sideoverløp og samlekanal. Dette innbefatter metoder som handberegninger, numeriske modeller og fysiske modellforsøk. Det er utarbeida tabeller der forskjellige metoder er vurdert for ulike komponenter i et flomløp og ved varierende betingelser. Tabellene forutsetter korrekt bruk av de presenterte metoden

pilotfelt Skurva - Utfordringer og muligheter

Rapporten presenterer resultater fra hydrologiske og hydrauliske analyser i et lite nedbørfelt i Lillehammer kommune – Skurva. Det er presentert forslag knyttet til overvåking, beredskap og en arbeidsmåte som kan følge alle stadier fra planlegging til drift. Feltet er valgt ut som pilot i et delprosjekt i Naturfareforum som skal synliggjøre utfordringer og muligheter knyttet til håndtering av flomrisiko i små nedbørfelt

Glacier Lake Outline Jostedalsbreen 2016-2021

Glacier Lake Outlines (GLO) for 51 lakes around Jostedalsbreen Ice Cap, Norway were mapped from 2016-2021 in each melting season (July-November) with a frequency of 1 image per month. Lakes from surrounding glaciers were also included for the analysis. The lakes included in this product are either directly connected to the glacier outline or are at close proximity to the glacier. A semi-automatic classification method using the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) was used for mapping the lakes outlines. Imageries from Sentinel 2 were used primarily for calculating NDWI and mapping the lake outlines to create seasonal and annual timeseries data of areal lake extent, but the gaps in the data series were filled up, as much as possible, by using imageries from PlanetScope to optimize the number of useable images in the timeseries. The dataset, data processing and uncertainties are described by Pariyar (2022) in his Master's Thesis "Monitoring glacial lakes and outburst floods around Jostedalsbreen ice cap"

Evaluation of two new-generation global soil databases for macro-scale hydrological modelling in Norway

Lack of national soil property maps limits the studies of soil moisture (SM) dynamics in Norway. One alternative is to apply the global soil data as input for macro-scale hydrological modelling, but the quality of these data is still unknown. The objectives of this study are 1) to evaluate two recent global soil databases (Wise30sec and SoilGrids) in comparison with data from local soil profiles; 2) to evaluate which database supports better model performance in terms of river discharge and SM for three macro-scale catchments in Norway and 3) to suggest criteria for the selection of soil data for models with different complexity. The global soil databases were evaluated in three steps: 1) the global soil data are compared directly with the Norwegian forest soil profiles; 2) the simulated discharge based on the two global soil databases is compared with observations and 3) the simulated SM is compared with three global SM products. Two hydrological models were applied to simulate discharge and SM: the Soil and Water Integrated Model (SWIM) and the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model. The comparison with data from local soil profiles shows that SoilGrids has smaller mean errors than Wise30sec, especially for upper soil layers, but both soil databases have large root mean squared errors and poor correlations. SWIM generally performs better in terms of discharge using SoilGrids than using Wise30sec and the simulated SM has higher correlations with the SM products. In contrast, the VIC model is less sensitive to soil input data and the simulated SM using Wise30sec is higher correlated with the SM products than using SoilGrids. Based on the results, we conclude that the global soil databases can provide reasonable soil property information at coarse resolutions and large areas. The selection of soil input data should depend on the characteristics of both models and study areas

Rapport fra FoU-prosjekt 80412

Rapporten tar for seg eksisterende teori og litteratur som kan benyttes for å finne kapasiteten til lukka flomløp med sideoverløp og samlekanal. Dette er supplert med nye og eksisterende casestudier av relevant karakte

CryoClim glacier product documentation : CryoClim glacier sub-service by NVE

The CryoClim service provides cryospheric climate products, primarily based on satellite observations. Glacier products from mainland Norway in the CryoClim service consist of Glacier Area Outline (GAO), Glacierdammed Lake Outlines (GLO), Climate Indicator (CI) products, Glacier Lake Outburst floods (GLOF) and Glacier Periodic Photo series (GPP) products. This report describes these product