Menimbang Prospek Komunikasi Individual HAM: Politik Hukum dan Implikasi Potensial Bagi Indonesia

Abstract

The individual communications procedure is a vital mechanism in international human rights law that enables victims to seek remedies when domestic legal venues have been exhausted or failed to deliver justice. Although Indonesia has acceded to almost all core international human rights treaties, its individual communications procedures have yet to be accepted. This study investigates the Indonesian Government's human rights legal policy toward individual communications procedures acceptance through the ratification/accession of the ICCPR First Optional Protocol and ICESCR Optional Protocol, as well as analyzes the potential implications of such acceptance. This study utilizes a normative legal methodology coupled with interdisciplinary and conceptual approaches. In addition to analyzing legal materials, interviews were conducted with scholars, NGO activist, victim, and former Commissioner of Indonesia's National Human Rights Commission to deepen the analysis. The findings reveal the Government's lack of political will to accept individual communications procedures due to a tendency to avoid adjudicatory human rights accountability mechanisms and the avoidance of possible compliance costs, such as financial, reputational, and political burdens. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that these procedures' acceptance has potential implications for opening access to justice for victims, providing strategic litigation channels, and facilitating interaction between treaty bodies and the national judiciary regarding the development of interpretations of human rights through judicial dialogue. The Government should consider ratifying/acceding the ICCPR and ICESCR Optional Protocols to strengthen the domestic human rights protection infrastructure and enhance its reputation as a promoter of human rights.Prosedur komunikasi individual merupakan salah satu mekanisme penting dalam hukum hak asasi manusia (HAM) internasional yang memungkinkan korban untuk mengupayakan pemulihan ketika sarana hukum domestik telah tuntas atau gagal bekerja dalam memberikan keadilan. Walaupun Indonesia telah mengikutsertakan diri pada hampir seluruh perjanjian HAM internasional inti, prosedur komunikasi individualnya sampai sekarang belum kunjung diterima. Studi ini mengkaji politik HAM Pemerintah Indonesia terhadap prospek penerimaan prosedur komunikasi individual, khususnya melalui ratifikasi/aksesi Protokol Opsional ICCPR Pertama dan Protokol Opsional ICESCR, sekaligus menganalisis implikasi potensial dari penerimaan tersebut. Studi ini mengandalkan metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan interdisipliner dan konseptual. Selain penelaahan atas bahan-bahan hukum, wawancara kepada akademisi, pegiat organisasi nonpemerintah, korban, dan mantan Komisioner Komisi Nasional HAM Republik Indonesia juga dilakukan demi memperdalam analisis. Konklusi studi menunjukkan tidak terdapatnya kehendak politik Pemerintah Indonesia untuk menerima prosedur komunikasi individual karena adanya tendensi penghindaran terhadap mekanisme akuntabilitas HAM internasional yang berkarakter adjudikasi serta penghindaran ongkos kepatuhan berupa beban finansial, reputasi dan politik yang mungkin timbul. Studi ini pun mendemonstrasikan bahwa akseptasi prosedur komunikasi individual dapat membuka akses keadilan bagi korban, menyediakan sarana litigasi strategis, dan memfasilitasi interaksi antara badan perjanjian dan sistem peradilan nasional berkenaan pengembangan interpretasi norma HAM melalui dialog yudisial. Pemerintah Indonesia perlu mempertimbangkan ratifikasi/aksesi Protokol Opsional ICCPR dan ICESCR demi memperkuat infrastruktur pelindungan HAM serta meningkatkan reputasi sebagai promotor HAM