Plasma mediated chlorhexidine immobilization onto polylactic acid surface via carbodiimide chemistry: Antibacterial and cytocompatibility assessment

Abstract

The development of antibacterial materials has great importance in avoiding bacterial contamination and the risk of infection for implantable biomaterials. An antibacterial thin film coating on the surface via chemical bonding is a promising technique to keep native bulk material properties unchanged. However, most of the polymeric materials are chemically inert and highly hydrophobic, which makes chemical agent coating challenging Herein, immobilization of chlorhexidine, a broad-spectrum bactericidal cationic compound, onto the polylactic acid surface was performed in a multistep physicochemical method. Direct current plasma was used for surface functionalization, followed by carbodiimide chemistry to link the coupling reagents of N-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDAC) and N-Hydroxysuccinimide (NHs) to create a free bonding site to anchor the chlorhexidine. Surface characterizations were performed by water contact angle test, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The antibacterial activity was tested using Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Finally, in vitro cytocompatibility of the samples was studied using primary mouse embryonic fibroblast cells. It was found that all samples were cytocompatible and the best antibacterial performance observed was the Chlorhexidine immobilized sample after NHs activation. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.Czech Science FoundationGrant Agency of the Czech Republic [19-16861S]; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic-DKRVO [RP/CPS/2020/001]; DKRVO [RP/CPS/2020/005]; Slovenian Research AgencySlovenian Research Agency - Slovenia [L2-2616]RP/CPS/2020/005; Ministerstvo Školství, Mládeže a Tělovýchovy, MŠMT: RP/CPS/2020/001; Grantová Agentura České Republiky, GA ČR: 19-16861S; Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS, ARRS: L2-261