THE EFFECT OF CADMIUM ON PHOTOSYNTHETIC EFFICIENCY OF GREAT DUCKWEED (Spirodela polyrhiza L. SCHLEIDEN)

Abstract

Učinak kadmija na proces fotosinteze istraživan je utvrđivanjem vremenskog tijeka djelovanja različitih koncentracija kadmija na generacijski različito stare i razvijene biljke velike barske leće (S. polyrhiza L. Schleiden). Kadmij je uzrokovao narušavanje strukture tilakoida i senescenciju starijih frondova te povećanje i nepravilan oblik škrobnih zrnaca kod mlađih frondova, već pri najmanjim koncentracijama. Hormetički učinak nižih koncentracija Cd na respiraciju i fotosintezu posljedica je raspodjele raspoložive energije aktiviranjem mehanizama koji sudjeluju u ublažavanju negativnih učinaka Cd, a zajedno s preusmjeravanjem supstrata prema skladištenju rezultira smanjenim rastom. Kao najinformativniji parametar učinkovitosti fotosustava pokazao se indeks ukupne fotosintetske učinkovitosti (PITOT) ukazujući da Cd utječe na gubitak sposobnosti očuvanja energije kod starijih i mlađih biljaka. Detaljniji uvid u utjecaj Cd na prijenos elektrona pružile su vrijednosti parametara JIP-testa povezanih s ukupnom funkcijom PSII (VK i ΦP0), akceptorskom stranom PSII (VJ, ΨE0 i ΦE0) i ukupnim funkcijama PSI (VI, ΨR0 i ΦR0) pri čemu je utvrđeno da je akceptorska strana PSI pod većim utjecajem kadmija u usporedbi s PSII. Potencijal mlađih frondova da održe fotokemijske događaje pri višim koncentracijama kadmija za razliku od starijih majčinskih frondova, uključujući aktivnost kisik razvijajućeg kompleksa i procesa transporta elektrona, omogućava mladim biljkama učinkovitije suočavanje sa stresom izazvanim kadmijem. Rezultati ovog istraživanja mogu doprinijeti preciznijem i reprezentativnijem određivanju toksikološkog profila kadmija i karakteriziranju odgovora biljaka na stresne uvjete.An insight into cadmium's effect on the process of photosynthesis was obtained by determining the time course of cadmium effect on different generations of the great duckweed (S. polyrhiza L. Schleiden). Cadmium has caused disturbances of the thylakoid structure and senescence of older fronds. It caused structural irregularity and an increase in starch grain size in younger fronds, even at the lowest concentrations. The hormetic effect of lower Cd concentrations on respiration and photosynthesis rate was due to the distribution of available energy by activating mechanisms involved in mitigating Cd's adverse effects. The diversion of substrates to storage and an increase in respiration rate resulted in a reduced growth rate. The index of total photosynthetic efficiency (PITOT) proved to be the most informative photosynthetic efficiency parameter, indicating that Cd affects effective energy conservation in older and younger plants. A more detailed insight into the influence of Cd on electron transfer was provided by the values of JIP test parameters related to the overall PSII function (VK and ΦP0), the PSII acceptor side (VJ, ΨE0 and ΦE0), and the overall operation of PSI (VI, ΨR0 and ΦR0), with PSI, showed to be more influenced by Cd. Younger frond's potential to sustain photochemical events, including the activity of oxygen-evolving complex and electron transport processes, at higher cadmium concentrations than at older maternal fronds enabled young plants to cope more effectively with cadmiuminduced stress. This study's results may contribute to a more precise and representative determination of cadmium's toxicological profile and the characterization of plant responses to stress conditions

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