Digital technologies in communication between teachers and parents

Abstract

Doktorska disertacija pod nazivom Digitalne tehnologije u komunikaciji odgojitelja i roditelja daje prikaz teorijske i konceptualne osnove te nalaze istraživanja mišljenja i stavova odgojitelja i roditelja o upotrebama digitalnih tehnologija u međusobnoj komunikaciji. Od 60-ih godina 20. stoljeća kada se pojavljuje interes znanstvenika za pitanja suradnje obitelji i odgojno-obrazovne ustanove pa do danas objavljen je niz istraživanja u kojima se pokušalo odgovoriti zašto i kako surađivati (Stričević, 2010; Jackson i Needham, 2014). U istraživanjima odnosa roditelja i odgojitelja znanstvenici se koriste različitim terminima – uključivanje roditelja, suradnja s roditeljima, roditeljska participacija, rad s roditeljima, te partnerstvo s roditeljima (Maleš, 1996; Hornby i Lafaele 2011). Tijekom vremena dolazi do promjena u odnosima između obitelji i odgojno-obrazovne ustanove s obzirom na moć, uloge i način komunkacije sudionika u odnosu. Upravo ta činjenica poticaj je za istraživanje ove teme u današnje vrijeme digitalnih tehnologija. Rad započinje prikazom teorija od samih začetaka komunikacije pa sve do danas,s posebnim naglaskom na teorije temeljene na upotrebi digitalnih tehnologija u procesu komunikacije s naglaskom na servise za komunikaciju kao što su Viber, WhatsApp te društvene mreže Facebook, Instagram i Pinterest koje također omogućavaju komunikaciju svojim korisnicima. Spomenute servise i društvene mreže istraživalo se iz segmenta njihove zastupljenosti u komunikacijskom procesu u ustanovama za rani i predškolski odgoj i obrazovanje. S naglaskom na ulogu odgojitelja u kontekstu upotrebe digitalnih tehnologija, njegovu informatičku pismenosti te razvoj komunikacije od tradicionalnog ka suvremenom u odnosu na korisnike usluge ustanove odnosno roditelja djece rane i predškolske dobi. Komunikacijske kompetencije i informatička pismenost odgojitelja promatrana je kao konstruktor znanja za razvoj kvalitetnijih komunikacijskih procesa. Cilj istraživanja bio je ispitati mišljenje i stavove te navike odgojitelja i roditelja u odnosu na korištenje digitalnih tehnologija u međusobnoj komunikaciji. S obzirom na postavljeni cilj, proizlazi glavna hipoteza (Hg) koje glasi: Postoji statistički značajna razlika u komunikaciji između roditelja i odgojitelja putem digitalne tehnologije. Istraživanju se pristupilo kvantitativnim i kvalitativnim istraživačkim postupcima polazeći od hipoteze da digitalne tehnologije potiču razvoj pozitivne komunikacije između odgojitelja i roditelja te imajući na umu preferirane oblike komunikacije od tradicionalne do suvremene. Podaci su se prikupljali putem upitnika te fokus grupa. S obzirom na to da nije pronađen odgovarajući instrument, za potrebe ovoga istraživanja konstruiran je instrument na osnovi definiranih ključnih činitelja komunikacije i servisa za komunikaciju. Instrument je pilotiran radi utvrđivanja metrijskih vrijednosti koje su pokazale validnost čestica upitnika. Ispitivala su se mišljenja i navike odgojitelja i roditelja u vezi s komunikacijom općenito, kao i međusobnom komunikacijom, s naglaskom na korištenje digitalne tehnologije. Istraživački postupci provedeni su u svibnju 2017. godine. Rad predstavlja opsežno istraživanje komunikacije putem digitalne tehnologije između roditelja i odgojitelja djece rane i predškolske dobi u Gradu Zagrebu. Empirijsko istraživanje provedeno je na demografski stratificiranom uzorku prema zemljopisnom području. Na taj način željela se postići ujednačenost roditelja i odgojitelja po ustanovama za rani i predškolski odgoj i obrazovanje u Gradu Zagrebu. Ustanove koje su sudjelovale u istraživanju pokrivaju sveukupni teritorij Grada Zagreba (sve četiri strane svijeta te uži centar). U istraživanju je sudjelovalo devet ustanove za rani i predškolski odgoj i obrazovanje: „Bukovac“, „Vedri dani“, „Maksimir“, „Cvrčak“, „Siget“, „Utrine“, „Sunčana“, „Prečko“ i „Različak“. Anketno ispitivanje provedeno je na slučajnom uzorku roditelja koji su u vrijeme provedbe istraživanja imali dijete u dobi od 5 do 6 godina koje je pohađalo jednu od navedenih ustanova. Istraživanje je provedeno na uzorku od ukupno N=742 ispitanika odnosno N=342 odgojitelja i N=356 roditelja. Temeljeno na dobivenim rezultatima, (M=4,3;SD=0,94) odgojitelja i (M=4,7;SD=0,60) roditelja smatra da je digitalna tehnologija vrlo korisna te se to može smatrati temeljnim polazištem u izjednačenosti mišljenja roditelja i odgojitelja. Prema rezultatima istraživanja prva hipoteza H1 djelomično je potvrđena jer je mišljenje odgojitelja i roditelja u vezi s poticanjem pozitivne komunikacije putem digitalne tehnologije u koliziji. Šesta je hipoteza H6 odbačena jer nije utvrđena statistički značajna povezanost između radnog staža odgojitelja i roditelja te izbora servisa za komunikaciju. Ostale hipoteze su potvrđene te su samim time prihvaćene, pa se može govoriti o značajnom utjecaju digitalne tehnologije na komunikaciju između odgojitelja i roditelja. Rezultati omogućuju jasniji uvid u mišljenje i navike odgojitelja i roditelja o komunikaciji te preferiranje tradicionalnog odnosno suvremenog oblika komunikacije. Uz utvrđivanje preferencije roditelja odnosno odgojitelja o oblicima komunikacije, doprinos rada temelji se na otkrivanju promjena u komunikaciji između odgojitelja i roditelja nastalih pod utjecajem suvremenog digitalnog okruženja u odnosu na tradicionalne komunikacijske oblike, kao determinante njihovih međuodnosa. Dobiveni rezultati mogu biti temeljne smjernice promjena u edukaciji odgojitelja što se tiče komunikacije s roditeljima te organizacije i funkcioniranja predškolskih institucija općenito, jer je komunikacija ogledalo organizacije. Istraživanje je pokazalo da postoji potreba za promjenama u komunikaciji između roditelja i odgojitelja te za osiguravanjem mogućnosti za aktivnijim korištenjem digitalnih tehnologija u tom procesu (O'Hara, Massimi, Harper, Rubens i Morris, 2014). Postoje određene razlike u oblicima komunikacije koje preferiraju roditelji od onih koje preferiraju odgojitelji, međutim, zajedničko je mišljenje da je komunikacija licem u lice temelj komunikacije. Digitalna tehnologija pridonosi nadogradnji tradicionalnih oblika komunikacije te komunikaciju čini funkcionalnijom, bržom i lakše dostupnom svima, bez obzira na trenutačnu lokaciju i udaljenost od ustanove za rani i predškolski odgoji i obrazovanje, odnosno odgojitelja kao subjekta u procesu komunikacije (Sully, Barbour i Roberts-King, 2015 ). Znanstveni doprinos ovog istraživanja vidljiv je na nekoliko razina. Prvu razinu čini teorijski pristup komunikaciji odgojitelja i roditelja od tradicionalnog do suvremenog, što do sada nije prikazano na ovaj način te se može smatrati znanstvenim doprinosom. Također nisu pronađeni instrumenti koji mjere preferencije odgojitelja i roditelja u međusobnoj komunikaciji putem digitalne tehnologije primjerene za korištenje na populaciji hrvatskih odgojitelja i roditelja s obzirom na organizacijske i kulturne specifičnosti, stoga razvoj instrumenta u ovom istraživanju predstavlja drugu razinu znanstvenog doprinosa. Zadnja razina znanstvenog doprinosa vidljiva je u korištenju rezultata ovog istraživanja kao polazne točke za nova istraživanja komunikacije odgojitelja i roditelja putem digitalne tehnologije.Doctoral dissertation titled Digital technology in communication between kindergarten teachers and parents gives an overview of the theoretical and conceptual basis and conclusions obtained through research on opinions and attitudes of parents on the use of digital technology in mutual communication. Since the 60s, when the interest among scientists regarding the question of collaboration between families and educational institutions first started to emerge, until today, a series of studies have been published, seeking to answer why and how to collaborate (Stričević, 2010; Jackson & Needham, 2014). In their research on kindergarten teacher-parent relationships, scientists use various terms – parental involvement, collaboration with parents, parental participation, work with parents, and partnership with parents (Maleš, 1996; Hornby & Lafaele 2011). Over time, there occured a change in the relationship between parents and educational institutions with regard to the power, role, and mode of communication of the participants in this relationship. It is this fact that is a source of inspiration for conducting research on this topic today, in the time of digital technology. The paper begins with giving an overview of the theories from the very beginnings of communication until today, with a special emphasis on theories based on the use of digital technology in the process of communication, with an emphasis on communication services such as Viber, WhatsApp, and social networks Facebook, Instagram, and Pinterest, which also enable communication among their users. The mentioned services and social networks were investigated with regard to the extent to which they are used in the communication process in institutions for early childhood and preschool education, with an emphasis on the role of kindergarten teachers in the context of the use of digital technology, their IT literacy, and the development of communication from traditional to contemporary, in relation to the users of the services of institutions, or parents of children of early and preschool age. Communicative competences and IT literacy of kindergarten teachers were observed as a knowledge constructor for the development of more quality communication processes. The aim of this research was to examine the opinions and attitudes, as well as habits, of kindergarten teachers and parents regarding the use of digital technology in mutual communication. Given the set aim, the following research question arose: What changes does the use of digital technology bring in communication between parents and kindergarten teachers? The research was approached by means of quantitative and qualitative research methods, starting from the hypothesis that the digital technology encourages the development of positive communication between kindergarten teachers and parents and the preferred forms of communication, from traditional to contemporary ones. The data were collected by means of questionnaires and focus groups. Since no suitable instrument was found, one has been designed for the purposes of this research, based on the defined key communication actors and communication services. The instrument was piloted to determine the metric values which showed the validity of questionnaire items. The opinions and habits of kindergarten teachers and parents regarding communication in general, as well as mutual communication, were examined, with an emphasis on the use of digital technology. Research procedures were carried out in May 2017. The paper presents an extensive research of digital communication between parents and kindergarten teachers in the City of Zagreb. Empirical research was conducted on a demographically stratified sample (with regard to the geographical area). In this way, a uniformity of parents and kindergarten teachers across different institutions for early childhood and preschool education in the City of Zagreb was sought to be achieved. The institutions which took part in the research cover the entire territory of the City of Zagreb (all four cardinal directions and the downtown). Nine institutions for early childhood and preschool education took part in this research: “Bukovac”, “Vedri dani”, “Maksimir”, “Cvrčak”, “Siget”, “Utrine”, “Sunčana”, “Prečko” and “Različak”. The survey was conducted on a random sample of parents who at the time of the research had a child aged 5 to 6 attending one of the mentioned institutions. The research was conducted on the total of N=742 respondents, or N=342 kindergarten teachers and N=356 parents. Based on the results, (M=4.3; SD=0.94) kindergarten teachers and (M=4.7; SD=0.60) parents consider that digital technology is very useful, and this can be considered a fundamental starting point in the uniformity of parents’ and kindergarten teachers’ opinions. According to the results of this research, the first hypothesis, H1, was partially confirmed, because the opinions of kindergarten teachers and those of parents collide when it comes to encouraging positive communication through digital technology. The sixth hypothesis, H6, was discarded because no statistically significant correlation was found between the teachers’ and parents’ length of work experience and the choice of communication services. Other hypotheses have been confirmed and, therefore, accepted, so it can be said that digital technology has a significant influence on the parent-teacher communication. The results provide a clearer insight into opinions and habits of kindergarten teachers and parents regarding communication, and the preference of traditional or modern means of communication. In addition to identifying preferences of parents and kindergarten teachers regarding the means of communication, the contribution of this research is based on discovering changes in communication between kindergarten teachers and parents that ensued under the influence of contemporary digital environment as compared to the traditional means of communication, as the determinants of their interrelationships. The results obtained can be fundamental guidelines for changes in education of kindergarten teachers regarding communication with parents, and organization and functioning of preschool institutions in general, because the communication is a mirror of organization. This research has shown there is a need for changes in communication between kindergarten teachers and parents, as well as for providing possibilities for more active use of digital technology in this process (O'Hara, Massimi, Harper, Rubens & Morris, 2014). There are certain differences in forms of communication which are preferred by parents and those preferred by kindergarten teachers, however, they both share the opinion that face to face communication is the basis of communication. The digital technology contributes to the upgrading of traditional forms of communication and is seeking to make communication more functional, faster, and more easily accessible to all, regardless of current location and distance from the early childhood and preschool education institution, or the kindergarten teacher as the subject in the process of communication (Sully, Barbour i Roberts-King, 2015). The scientific contribution of this research is visible on several levels. The first level is based on the theoretical approach to the parent-teacher communication, from the traditional to contemporary, which has not yet been presented in this way, so it can be considered a scientific contribution. Furthermore, no instruments have been found measuring parents’ and teachers’ preferences regarding mutual communication by means of digital technology which would be appropriate for the use on Croatian kindergarten teachers and parents, considering their cultural specificity, therefore the development of the instrument used for this research represents another level of scientific contribution. When it comes to the last level of scientific contribution, there is a possibility to use the results of this research as a starting point for new research on communication between kindergarten teachers and parents through digital technology

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