Adverse Outcome Pathways (AOPs) provide an opportunity to develop newand more accurate safety assessment processes
for drugs and other chemicals, and may ultimately play an important role in regulatory decision making. Not only can the
development and application of AOPs pave theway for the development of improved evidence-based approaches for hazard and
risk assessment, there is also the promise of a significant impact on animal welfare, with a reduced reliance on animal-based
methods. The establishment of a useable and coherent knowledge framework under which AOPs will be developed and applied
has been a first critical step towards realizing this opportunity. This article explores how the development of AOPs under this
framework, and their application in practice, could benefit the science and practice of safety assessment, while in parallel stimulating
a move away from traditional methods towards an increased acceptance of non-animal approaches. We discuss here the
key areas where current, and future initiatives should be focused to enable the translation of AOPs into routine chemical safety
assessment, and lasting 3Rs benefits.JRC.F.3-Chemicals Safety and Alternative Method
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