Termodinamičke osnove termokemijskih energetskih sustava i gorivnih članaka

Abstract

This research treats power optimization for energy converters, such as thermal, solar and electrochemical engines (fuel cells). A common methodology is developed for the assessment of power limits in thermal systems and fuel cells. Thermodynamic analyses lead to converter efficiency and limiting power. Steady and dynamic systems are investigated. Static optimization of steady systems applies the differential calculus or Lagrange multipliers, dynamic optimization of unsteady systems uses variational calculus and dynamic programming. The primary result of the first is the limiting value of power, whereas that of the second is a total generalized work potential. The generalizing quantity depends on the thermal coordinates and a dissipation index, h, i.e. the Hamiltonian of the problem of minimum entropy production. The advanced thermodynamics, of an irreversible nature, implies stronger bounds on work delivered or supplied than the classical reversible work. It is shown how various analytical developments can efficiently be synthesized to quantitatively evaluate power limits in thermal systems and fuel cells of a simple topology (without countercurrent flows).Ovo se istraživanje bavi optimizacijom snage sustava za pretvorbu energije poput termičkih, solarnih i elektrokemijskih (gorivni članci). U radu je razvijena jedinstvena metoda procjene granice snage u termičkim sustavima i gorivnim člancima. Termodinamičkim analizama dolazi se do učinkovitosti sustava za pretvorbu i granične snage. Istražuju se stacionarni i nestacionarni sustavi. Za statičku optimizaciju stacionarnih sistema primjenjuju se diferencijalni račun ili Lagrangeovi faktori; dinamička optimizacija nestacionarnih sustava koristi varijacijski račun i dinamičko programiranje. Rezultat prvog je ograničavajuća vrijednost snage dok je rezultat drugog ukupni poopćeni potencijal rada. Poopćenje ovisi o termičkim koordinatama i indeksu disipacije, h, npr. Hamiltonov operator problema minimalne entropije. Razvijena termodinamika nepovratnih sustava implicira čvršće granice na potrošeni ili predani rad nego što je to kod termodinamike povratnih procesa. Pokazano je kako različite analize mogu efikasno biti sintetizirane u svrhu kvantitativne procjene granica snage u termičkim sustavima i gorivnim člancima jednostavne topologije (bez protustrujnih tokova)

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