Metastability and Structural Polymorphism in Noble Metals: The Role of Composition and Metal Atom Coordination in Mono- and Bimetallic Nanoclusters

Abstract

This study examines structural variations found in the atomic ordering of different transition metal nanoparticles synthesized <i>via</i> a common, kinetically controlled protocol: reduction of an aqueous solution of metal precursor salt(s) with NaBH₄ at 273 K in the presence of a capping polymer ligand. These noble metal nanoparticles were characterized at the atomic scale using spherical aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (C_s-STEM). It was found for monometallic samples that the third row, face-centered-cubic (fcc), transition metal [(3M)Ir, Pt, and Au] particles exhibited more coherently ordered geometries than their second row, fcc, transition metal [(2M)Rh, Pd, and Ag] analogues. The former exhibit growth habits favoring crystalline phases with specific facet structures while the latter samples are dominated by more disordered atomic arrangements that include complex systems of facets and twinning. Atomic pair distribution function (PDF) measurements further confirmed these observations, establishing that the 3M clusters exhibit longer ranged ordering than their 2M counterparts. The assembly of intracolumn bimetallic nanoparticles (Au–Ag, Pt–Pd, and Ir–Rh) using the same experimental conditions showed a strong tendency for the 3M atoms to template long-ranged, crystalline growth of 2M metal atoms extending up to over 8 nm beyond the 3M core