Local Duck Fanning At Paddy Three Times Planting Areas ("IP Padi 300")

Most of duck husbandry in Indonesia is still run traditionally, herded in rice field or in the swampy area. This kind of husbandry seemed to be much preferred by farmers as they thought it was a simple and did not need high skill and high capital "IP padi 300" was a term of rice planting system tree times instead of twice in a year. This kind of changing might have significantly affected duck faming. The objective of the study was to observe the interactively effect of "IP padi 300" to duck husbandry at the same area. Two locations were choosen (Subang, West Jawa and Pemalang, Central Java) with 5 farmers at each location to be involved in the study. As many as 1200 laying pullet ducks were distributed to 10 farmers at two locations. The farmers were suggested to raise laying ducks with their own systems (fully intensive, semi intensive and fully herded) and were observed for 6 months. Biota was observed on both field and in the crop of the laying ducks. There was an interactive effect of "IP padi 300" and the duck farming on the same area. The availability of feed was increased on the "IP padi 300", which gave benefit to duck farming especially fue herded system, not to go far from owner's home base. Whilst the benefit to "IP padi 300" was assumed to the reduction of pest and desease, which was frequently attacked the rice field. The production of egg from herded duck was very fluctuative due to the movement and feed availability in the rice field. Field biota in Subang and Pemalang was very much the same in profile, although "golden snail" was only found in Subang. Ducks' crop content seemed to be very much similar with the profile of field biota, although rice grain was the most in the crop. Thus, it was found that field biota was not reduced by "IP padi 300", in fact it was rather increased.   Key words: IP 300, herded ducks, duck farmin

Effect of rice straw silage treated with rumen microbes of buffalo on digestibility and ecosystem of cattle rumen

Treatment of rice straw silage with addition of buffalo rumen microbes was conducted to improve the ruminal digestion of rice straw in ongole cattle. Three fistulated cattles were each introduced to dietary treatment: I. Untreated rice straw (JPTP), II. Rice straw ensilaged with buffalo rumen microbes (SJPMR-Kr), and ID. Elephant grass (RG). All diets were formulated isonitrogeneous (14% crude protein) and fed to animals over a period of 4 weeks. After 4 weeks of feeding trial, rwnen fluid of the animals were evaluated to digest its own basal diet (as substrate). The results show that cumulative gas production resulting from the substrate fermented (96 hours) by rumen fluid from cattle fed diet II is 205% of the diet I and 151 % of the diet ID. Measurements of DMD of the substrates after the gas production procedure show the similar trend (ie. DM digestibilities for JPTP= 33%; SJPMR-Kr= 54% dan RG= 45%). Means of in sacco DMD (72 hours incubation) confirm the results of gas production (ie. in sacco DM Digestibilities for JPTP= 35%; SJPMR-Kr= 44% and RG= 39%). All results described between treatments are highly significant different (PO.OI). Measurements of rumen ecosystems did not show differences between treated animals (P0.05), except for total VFA (ie. JPTP= 0.52 mg Inri; SJPMR-Kr= 3,37 mg Inri and RG= 3.15 mg Inri).   Key words: Rice straw, silage, microbes, cattle and buffal

Nutritive value of palm oil sludge fermentation by some incubation process

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of fermented palm oil sludge (PaS) incubated with different ways towards metabolic digestibility on dry matter,true metabolizable energy (TME) and protein digestibilities. A completely randomized design was used. Treatments consisted of unfermented pas (control) and fermented pas with and without enzymatic incubation proces, two levels of incubation temperatures (28°C and 32°C) and three levels of incubation times (3, 4 and 5 days). The digestibility studies were carried out in 46 layer. The results showed that the dry matter digestibility of P_S was not significantly affected by fermentation process neither by incubation times. TME was not affected by fermentation process and incubation times, but it was significantly affected by incubation temperatures during fennentation (P0,05). Incubation temperatures at 3rC more significant than 28°C. Enzimatic process was more significant than without enzimatic process. True metabolizable energy was highly significantly affected by enzimatic process (PO,OI). Protein digestibility was highly significantly affected by time and incubation process (PO,Ol), but not significantly affected by temperatures incubation. It was concluded that fermentation process could improve the digestibility of palm oil sludge (paS). The best result obtained from incubation at 32°C for 3 days and continued by enzimatic process.   Key words: Fennentation, nutritive value, palm oil sludg

Characterization of introduced breed of sheep and pattenl of conservation of Sumatera thin tail (STT) sheep in North Sumatera

Sumatera thin tail (STT) sheep are highly adapted to the local environment, no seasonal reproductive activity, and highresistance to internal parasite, but they have small body size and low mature body weight. "On Fann research" to identify morphological characteristics of intoduced breed and STT sheep, as well as an altemative conservation pattem were conducted in two location, i.e. Pulahan village, Air Batu District, Asahan Regency as the potensial area for STT sheep and Pulo Gambar village, Galang District, Deli Serdang Regency as the development area of introduced breed of sheep. The approach of Agroecosystem analysis, quantitative and qualitative characteristics of STT and introduced breed of sheep as well as interview to the farmer that raised STT in order to get recommendation of conservation pattern were aplied. The study show that STT sheep were isolated from the other area, and the populations tend to decrease from year to year. Qualitative characteristics of STT indicated smaller linear body measurements than those of introducted breed of sheep at the same age. Qualitative characteristics indicated that STT possess dominance body color of light brown and white (50.93% vs 41.28%). The STT mostly have one body color pattern (61.75%). The dominance spotted pattem were 1-10% of the body (60.29%), while the dominance of the head color was light brown (48.40%). Conservation pattern of STT are through natural process, in which the farmers are directly conserved, therefore the farmers do not have opportunity to develop their sheep farming. Therefore the conservation pattern recomnendation for STT sheep are by defending the location as "in situ conservation" or "on farm conservation" and giving "compensation program" to fanner because STT sheep farming less benefit than those of introduced breed of sheep.   Key Word: Sumatera thin tail sheep, introduced breed of sheep, characterization, Conservation patte

The prevalence of Japanese-B-Encephalitis in different species in Indonesi

Japanese-B-Encephalitis (JE) is a zoonotic disease which is characterized by encephalitis, caused by JE virus. The situation of this disease has not been known in both animals and human in Indonesia. This paper reports serological finding using competitive - ELISA to evaluate 953 serum samples, comprised of chicken, ducks, cattle, goats, horses, dogs, pigs and human from different areas in Indonesia. The antibody against JE virus was detected in animals and human sera, with prevalence varied among species and location. Cattle showed the highest prevalence of reactor (51 %) while pigs, dogs and horses had the lowest reactor (11%,12% and ]4%). The highest prevalence of reactor in cattle was found in North Sumatera (86%) and the lowest was found in West Java (23%). In goat, the highest prevalence of reactor was found in West Kalimantan (59%) and the lowest was detected in South Sulawesi (14%). Antibody against JE virus was also detected in chicken with the highest prevalence in North Sumatera and West Kalimantan (44%) and the lowest was in South Sulawesi (36%). The highest percentage of reactor in pigs was detected in South Sulawesi (50%) and the lowest was detected in West Kalimantan (2%). In human, the highest prevalence of reactor was found in West Kalimantan (30%) and the lowest was fowld in Irian Jaya. This result provide more information for further research, therefor the JE cases in Indonesia and its social, economic and psychological impacts can be anticipated as earlyas possible.   Key words: Japanese-B-Encephalitis, antibody, animals, human, ELIS