Analysis of the Use of Fine Filters on Lubricating Oil Content With Contaminant Tests in Diesel Engines

Lubricating oil is a critical component in the operation of diesel engines, functioning to reduce wear and dissipate heat generated by friction in moving engine components. Compared to gasoline engines, diesel engines produce higher levels of carbon during combustion, necessitating the use of lubricating oil filters to remove combustion residues. Additionally, fine filters are employed to minimize contaminants present in the lubricating oil. This study aims to analyze the contaminant levels in different states of lubricating oil: new, unused oil; oil used for 500 hours without a fine filter; oil used for 500 hours with a CJC fine filter; and oil used for 1,336.5 hours with a CJC fine filter. The testing methods employed were ASTM D5185-18 and ASTM E2412-10, with all analyses conducted at the PT Petrolab Services Laboratory. The results demonstrate that the use of a CJC fine filter significantly reduces contaminants, with sodium levels at 1 ppm, silicon levels at 7 ppm, and Fuel Dilution, Water Content, and Glycol levels consistently at 0%

Utilization of Bagasse Waste Briquettes As An Alternative to Environmentally Friendly Technology

Briquettes represent environmentally sustainable solid fuels that utilize renewable resources. This study aimed to assess the quality of bagasse waste briquettes as an alternative in eco-friendly technology. The experimental method was conducted internally at the PT SUCOFINDO Bengkulu laboratory. Briquettes were produced using varying compositions of bagasse waste: A1 (80 grams charcoal flour and 12 grams tapioca flour), A2 (30 grams charcoal flour and 6 grams tapioca flour), and A3 (20 grams charcoal flour and 5 grams tapioca flour). The production process involved preparation, drying, monitoring, grinding, adhesive mixing, molding, and final drying. Quantitative data analysis focused on key parameters including water content, ash content, and calorific value. Results indicated that the briquettes with 80% charcoal flour and 20% tapioca flour exhibited the highest calorific value at 6155 kcal/kg. It was concluded that all types of bagasse waste briquettes met Indonesian National Standards, demonstrating their potential as an alternative energy source through environmentally friendly briquette technology

Analysis of Corrosion Rate Al 7075 Using Seawater and Rainwater Media Using the K2CRO4

Aluminum is one of the most widely used materials today due to several advantages, including its lightweight nature, relatively high tensile strength, good formability, corrosion resistance, and non-magnetic properties, making it a preferred choice in industries such as aerospace. However, metals, including 7075 aluminum alloy commonly used in the aerospace industry, are still susceptible to corrosion in corrosive environments. One effective method to control corrosion is the use of inhibitors. An inhibitor is a chemical substance that, when added in small amounts to a corrosive environment, can effectively slow down or reduce the corrosion rate. This study investigates the corrosion rate using the potentiodynamic polarization method (Tafel plot) in seawater from Parangtritis Beach and rainwater from Yogyakarta City. The inorganic inhibitor used in this research is K₂CrO₄ with a concentration of 0.3%. The results show that the corrosion rate in seawater without inhibitors (pH 7.34) is 0.027799 mm/yr, while with inhibitors (pH 7.50), it decreases to 0.0053243 mm/yr. Similarly, the corrosion rate in rainwater without inhibitors (pH 6.66) is 0.0021987 mm/yr, while with inhibitors (pH 7.74), it reduces to 0.0017807 mm/yr. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of K₂CrO₄ inhibitors in minimizing corrosion rates in both seawater and rainwater environments

Analysis of Boiler Efficiency and NPHR With the Use of Sootblower in a 315 MW Coal-fired Power Plant

In the power generation sector, particularly in Indonesia, coal-fired power plants remain a key source of electricity. The Lontar Extension Coal-Fired Steam Power Plant (PLTU) (1x315 MW) is a significant facility that plays a critical role in ensuring a stable electricity supply to the Jakarta area and its surroundings. One of the major operational challenges faced by the plant is managing the ash produced during coal combustion, which leads to slagging and fouling on boiler tube surfaces. These phenomena impair heat transfer efficiency and increase fuel consumption. Given the growing emphasis on operational efficiency and sustainability in the power generation industry, addressing these challenges is of paramount importance. In this research, we conduct a comprehensive analysis of key performance parameters, such as Net Plant Heat Rate (NPHR) and boiler efficiency, at the Lontar Extension PLTU. A particular focus is placed on the use of soot blowers in the Heat Recovery Area (HRA) to mitigate slagging and fouling issues. This study offers unique insights by quantifying the benefits of soot blower operation, which resulted in a 0.71% increase in boiler efficiency and a 33.91 kcal/kWh decrease in NPHR at 100% load, and a 0.63% increase in boiler efficiency and 47.16 kcal/kWh reduction in NPHR at 50% load. Additionally, the soot blowers contributed to increased net power output and reduced coal consumption, highlighting the innovation in boiler cleaning techniques and their significant impact on fuel efficiency

Thermal Efficiency Analysis on Box Dryer Equipment in the Chemical Industry

Box dryers are widely utilized in the chemical processing, food, and agricultural industries for drying purposes. The efficiency of these dryers significantly impacts energy utilization. Low thermal efficiency suggests inefficient heat utilization compared to the energy required for drying. Therefore, analyzing thermal efficiency is crucial to optimize energy usage, enhance drying effectiveness, and identify avenues for improvement. This study employs a direct method to assess the thermal efficiency of a box dryer. Data from observations, operational parameters, and literature form the basis for calculating thermal efficiency. Results indicate thermal efficiency ranging from 89.00% to 92.00%, with a drying feed mass rate of 77–91 kg/hour over six hours of operation. These findings classify the box dryer equipment as highly efficient. The industry maintains this efficiency through periodic maintenance schedules and optimization of drying conditions. This research provides a foundational analysis of box dryer performance, aiming to streamline the drying process and minimize energy consumption. The outcomes contribute to ongoing efforts in industrial sectors to enhance operational sustainability and economic viability

Characterization of Catalytic Converter Made from Chrome-Plated Copper Plate Catalyst for Gasoline Motors

This study characterizes copper (Cu) and chrome-plated copper (Cu-Cr) catalyst materials used in catalytic converters for gasoline engines. The objective is to investigate morphological and compositional changes resulting from exhaust gas emission testing. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) coupled with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) was employed for microstructural analysis of the catalyst materials. The research examines morphological changes in Cu and Cu-Cr catalysts before and after exhaust gas emission testing, along with elemental composition alterations. Results indicate that exhaust gas exposure significantly alters the morphology and composition of both catalyst types. Morphologically, Cu catalyst particles originally flat with fine grains exhibited rougher, uneven surfaces with random grain formations and porosity post-testing. Similarly, Cu-Cr catalyst surfaces transformed from smooth to uneven, marked by darkened spots. Compositionally, Cu catalysts initially consisting of five elements (Cu 82.92%, O 5.96%, C 10.22%, Cl 0.60%, Si 0.29%) changed to include eight elements (Cu 70.65%, O 12.89%, C 12.85%, Cl 0.66%, Si 0.27%, N 1.74%, Al 0.27%, S 0.67%). Cu-Cr catalysts initially composed of three elements (Ni 87.65%, Cr 10.50%, C 1.85%) evolved to five elements (Ni 86.01%, Cr 6.56%, O 5.70%, O 1.42%, S 0.71%). These findings underscore the transformative effects of exhaust gas exposure on catalyst materials, influencing both their morphology and elemental composition, crucial for enhancing catalytic converter performance and durability in automotive applications

Analysis of The Vertical and Horizontal Type Cultivator Claw On The Performance Test of The Power Weeder Machine

Weeds account for approximately 40–65% of rice production losses and affect 15–42% of arable land. If not managed promptly, crop yields could be drastically reduced. Traditional weed control methods, including manual weeding, chemical, semi-mechanical, and mechanical techniques, vary in effectiveness and efficiency. Conventional chemical and semi-mechanical methods are often less effective, costly, time-consuming, and environmentally detrimental. Thus, mechanical weed control presents a superior alternative. This study aims to compare the performance of power weeder machines equipped with vertical and horizontal cultivator claws in terms of weeding time, tool efficiency, and plant damage. The experiment was conducted on 30-day-old rice plants, with each test performed four times over a 1 x 6-meter area, maintaining a muck depth of 20 cm between rice plants. The power weeder machines were equipped with eight claws per unit, a 1.5 HP drive motor, and operated on a mix of oil and petrol fuel. Results indicate that the vertical-type cultivator claw achieved a work efficiency of 72.42%, while the horizontal-type cultivator claw achieved 86.04%. Weeding effectiveness was 93.10% for horizontal claws and 94.77% for vertical claws. Post-weeding, the horizontal cultivator claws caused 14.13% damage to rice plants, compared to 5.73% for vertical claws. Given its high weeding efficiency and minimal plant damage, the vertical type claw cultivator is highly recommended

The Effect of Variation in Electrode Type and Area on Electrical Productivity of MFC With Sago Stem Substrate

Microbial Fuel Cells (MFC) offer a promising solution for developing efficient and environmentally friendly alternative energy sources. MFCs convert chemical energy into electrical energy through anaerobic reactors equipped with anode and cathode electrodes containing substrates and microbes. This study investigates the effect of electrode type and area on the production of current, voltage, and power density using sago stem substrates in an MFC system enhanced with Lactobacillus plantarum. These bacteria play a critical role in facilitating electrolysis, thereby increasing electrical energy output. A dual-chamber MFC design was employed, testing electrode materials (copper, aluminum, nickel, and graphite carbon) and areas (30 cm², 40 cm², and 60 cm²). Measurements of current, voltage, and power density were taken over 36 hours. Results indicate that electrode area significantly influences voltage and current, while electrode type determines power density. The highest average power density, 432.953 mW/m², was achieved using nickel electrodes with a 30 cm² surface area. These findings underscore the importance of optimizing electrode properties to enhance the performance of MFCs

Enhanced Performance of the Gorlov Hydrokinetic Turbine through Blade Profile Modification

The Gorlov turbine is a widely used hydrokinetic turbine for household-scale hydroelectric power generation, known for its superior performance compared to other turbine types. Despite its high efficiency, the Gorlov turbine has a significant drawback: it cannot operate effectively at low water speeds due to its blade design, which relies solely on lift force. This study aims to address this limitation by modifying the blade profile to harness drag force in addition to lift force. The modified blade profile retains the original crescent shape while enhancing its design. For data validation, two models were created: the conventional Gorlov turbine and a modified version. Laboratory-scale tests were conducted using a water pump to simulate flow in an artificial channel, with water speeds ranging from 0.185 m/s to 0.225 m/s. Correlation regression analysis was employed to evaluate the experimental results and strengthen the reliability of the findings. The results indicate a correlation between changes in water flow speed and increases in turbine rotation, turbine torque, torque coefficient, and power coefficient. Specifically, the conventional Gorlov turbine exhibited an average torque of 0.014 Nm, a torque coefficient of 0.0209, and a power coefficient of 0.32. In contrast, the modified Gorlov turbine demonstrated an average torque of 0.016 Nm, a torque coefficient of 0.239, and a power coefficient of 0.308

Investigation of Drilling Parameters Affecting Borehole Circularity in Cortical Bone

Cortical bone drilling is a critical step performed prior to implant bolt placement, where drilling parameters play a significant role in the success of the procedure. This study investigates the effects of rotational speed, feed rate, and cooling fluid type on the outcome of the drilling process. A Box-Behnken experimental design was employed, involving 15 samples. Drilling operations were conducted using an SS316L drill bit on a 3-axis CNC machine. Circularity was analyzed using a Mitutoyo PJ3000 profile projector by measuring the x- and y-axis lines of the drill hole shadows under projector illumination. Hardness testing of bone specimens revealed an average microhardness of 45.48 HV with a standard deviation of 1.74, indicating their suitability as a human bone model. The lowest circularity value, 0.00125, was achieved at a rotational speed of 1,500 rpm, a feed rate of 60 mm/min, and in the absence of coolant. ANOVA results show that the feed rate (Vf) significantly affects circularity compared to rotational speed (V) and coolant, with a P-value of 0.0126 and an F-value of 8.86. These findings provide insights for optimizing cortical bone drilling procedures in biomedical applications. Future research should explore temperature distribution across the specimen and drill bit wear resistance resulting from the drilling process