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Heavy Metal Uptake Responses in Plants Grown on Crude Oil-Polluted Soils as Prospects for Phytoremediation
The demand and utilization of petroleum products have re-energized its
exploration and exploitation globally and this upsurge in world
production, refining and distribution of petroleum products have
brought with it various problems of environmental pollution, which have
effects on the ecosystems. Twenty (24) polyethylene pots each
containing 7 kg of sandy loam soil mixed with 50 ml of crude oil, were
arranged in the Botanical garden of the University of Ilorin, Nigeria,
to assess their ability to phytoextract heavy metals in Crude
oil-polluted soil. Seeds of Amaranthus hybridus L., Tithonia
diversifolia , Abelmoschus esculentus L. and Zea mays were sown in
polyethylene containers containing 7 kg of contaminated or Control
soil. The containers were arranged in a complete randomized design.
Plants were left to grow for two months with regular watering. Plants
were harvested, separated into roots and shoots and oven-dried to
constant weight. The experimental plants have been able to reduce the
concentration of Cu in both soils by about 45% to 85%, Cr in the soil
by 92.08% to 96.72%, as the residual concentration varied between 66.00
mg/kg and 99.00 mg/kg, Cd in the soil was reduced to 4.00 mg/kg and 17
mg/kg which represented 96.8% and 86.4% reduction. Tithonia had the
highest Pb reduction in crude oil-polluted soil. Ni concentration was
reduced by 85.84% by Tithonia planted in crude oil-polluted soil,
94.59% by Amaranthus hybridus planted in Control soil. These show that
all the test plants were good phytoextractors of the metals
In-Vivo and In-Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Activities of the Aqueous Extract of Di-Herbal Formulation ( Euphorbia hirta and lactuca virosa )
Euphorbia hirta and Lactuca virosa are medicinal plants that have been
used in the cure and treatment of various diseases and for health care.
This study aims at evaluating the anti-inflammatory activities of the
aqueous extracts of Euphorbia hirta and Lactuca virosa plants. Albumin
and histamine induced inflammation in mice and xylene induced ear edema
were used for the in-vivo anti-inflammatory studies. Erythrocyte
membrane stabilization and inhibition of protein denaturation assays
were used for the in-vitro anti inflammatory studies. Combined doses of
100 mg/kg Euphorbia hirta and 50 mg/kg Lactuca virosa, 100 mg/kg
Euphorbia hirta and 100 mg/kg Lactuca virosa, 100 mg/kg Lactuca virosa
only and 10 mg/kg diclofenac significantly reduced inflamed paw in mice
(P<0.05) compared to control in albumin and histamine induced
inflammatory test. Combined doses of 50 mg/kg Euphorbia hirta and 100
mg/kg Lactuca virosa,100 mg/kg Euphorbia hirta, 100mg/kg Lactuca virosa
significantly reduced xylene induced inflammation (P<0.001) compared
to control. The extracts at 1 mg/ml, 2 mg/ml and 3 mg/ml significantly
inhibited protein denaturation (P<0.001) and heat induced hemolysis
of erythrocytes (P<0.0001). The plant extract of Euphorbia hirta and
lactuca virosa possesses in-vivo and in-vivo anti-inflammatory effects
Investigation of the Perception of Climate Change among Arable Crop Farmers in Akinyele Local Government Area of Oyo State, Nigeria
This study was designed to investigate the perception of climate change
among arable crop farmers in Akinyele local government area of Oyo
state, Nigeria using a well-structured questionnaire for data
acquisition. Descriptive and inferential (chi-square) statistics were
used to analyze the data.. The study revealed that majority of the
respondents (50.8%) were between the ages of 40-49years and majority of
them (85.8%) are married with household size of 7-10 persons. The study
further revealed that (33.3%) of the respondents had no formal
education while, (42.5%) of the respondents had a farming experience of
16years and above. However, it also shows that majority of the
respondents are aware of the effect and causes of climate change.
Significant association exists between marital status (x2=68.426,
P=0.000), family size (X2=25.777, P=0.012) and perceived effect of
climate change. The study therefore recommended that the government and
extension agents should enlighten the women farmers more about climate
change and should also help in making them adapt excellently to climate
change
SURVEY OF PLANT PARASITIC NEMATODES AND DISEASE SEVERITY OF COMMON BEAN LINES EVALUATED FOR REACTION TO ROOT KNOT NEMATODES INFESTATION
Plant parasitic nematodes are important pests in crop production in
sub-Saharan Africa. The objective of this study was to identify the
occurrence of nematodes associated with common bean ( Phaseolus
vulgaris L.) and evaluate breeding lines for their reaction to
Meloidogyne spp. in Ghana. Common bean rhizosphere soil was sampled
and processed using Modified Baermann Tray method. Five nematode
genera, namely Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus , Rotylenchulus ,
Helicotylenchus and Trichodorus were extracted. The first four
genera listed above were prevalent across locations, with Trichodorus
present in 30% of the fields sampled. The highest nematode population
density of 319 juveniles per 200 cubic centimeter of soil was recorded
for Meloidogyne spp. compared to 45 juveniles per 200 cubic centimeter,
for Trichodorus. Twelve breeding lines were evaluated by inoculating
roots of two-weeks-old plants with 2000 infective-stage juveniles of
Meloidogyne sp. Reactions of test lines to Meloidogyne sp. infection
were assessed by determining the number of egg masses and galling index
(GI) on roots. Reproduction index (RI) was used to classify test lines
as resistant or susceptible. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were
observed in the number of eggs, GI and RI among lines tested. No
resistant line was identified; however, lines SEF 47, BFS 35 and BFS 60
were moderately resistant, with RI of 13.1, 17.4 and 23.7%,
respectively. Line SEF 60, although classified as slightly resistant,
recorded a 100 seed weight of 26.0 g, which was 60% higher than line
SEF 53 with seed weight of 16.2 g. Moderately resistant common bean
lines identified could be used in common bean improvement programmes to
develop elite cultivars tolerant to root knot nematodes.Les n\ue9matodes phytoparasites sont des ravageurs importants dans la
production agricole. L\u2019objectif de cette \ue9tude \ue9tait
d\u2019identifier la pr\ue9sence de n\ue9matodes associ\ue9s au
haricot commun (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) et d\u2019\ue9valuer les
lign\ue9es g\ue9n\ue9alogiques pour leur r\ue9action \ue0
Meloidogyne spp. au Ghana. Le sol de la rhizosph\ue8re du haricot
commun a \ue9t\ue9 \ue9chantillonn\ue9 et trait\ue9 \ue0
l\u2019aide de la m\ue9thode du plateau de Baermann modifi\ue9.
Cinq genres de n\ue9matodes, \ue0 savoir Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus,
Rotylenchulus, Helicotylenchus et Trichodorus ont \ue9t\ue9
extraits. Les quatre premiers genres \ue9num\ue9r\ue9s ci-dessus
\ue9taient r\ue9pandus dans tous les emplacements, avec Trichodorus
pr\ue9sent dans 30% des champs \ue9chantillonn\ue9s. La
densit\ue9 de population de n\ue9matodes la plus \ue9lev\ue9e
de 319 juv\ue9niles par 200/cm3 de sol a \ue9t\ue9
enregistr\ue9e pour Meloidogyne spp. contre 45 juv\ue9niles par
200/cm3 pour Trichodorus. Douze lign\ue9es ont \ue9t\ue9
\ue9valu\ue9es en inoculant les racines de plantes \ue2g\ue9es
de deux semaines avec 2000 juv\ue9niles au stade infectieux de
Meloidogyne sp. R\ue9actions des lign\ue9es de test \ue0
Meloidogyne sp. l\u2019infection ont \ue9t\ue9 \ue9valu\ue9es
en d\ue9terminant le nombre de masse d\u2019\u153ufs et
l\u2019indice de galle (IG) sur les racines. L\u2019indice de
reproduction (RI) a \ue9t\ue9 utilis\ue9 pour classer les
lign\ue9es de test comme r\ue9sistantes ou sensibles. Des
diff\ue9rences significatives (P < 0,05) ont \ue9t\ue9
observ\ue9es dans le nombre d\u2019\u153ufs, GI et RI parmi les
lign\ue9es test\ue9es. Aucune lign\ue9e r\ue9sistante n\u2019a
\ue9t\ue9 identifi\ue9e ; cependant, les lign\ue9es SEF 47, BFS
35 et BFS 60 \ue9taient mod\ue9r\ue9ment r\ue9sistantes, avec
un RI de 13,1, 17,4 et 23,7 %, respectivement. La lign\ue9e SEF 60,
bien que class\ue9e comme l\ue9g\ue8rement r\ue9sistante, a
enregistr\ue9 un poids de 100 graines de 26,0 g, soit 60 % de plus
que la lign\ue9e SEF 53 avec un poids de graines de 16,2 g. Les
lign\ue9es de haricot commun mod\ue9r\ue9ment r\ue9sistantes
identifi\ue9es pourraient \ueatre utilis\ue9es dans les
programmes d\u2019am\ue9lioration du haricot commun pour
d\ue9velopper des cultivars d\u2019\ue9lite tol\ue9rants aux
n\ue9matodes \ue0 galles
Modeling of the Toxicity of Eucalyptus globulus Labill Essential Oil against Red Flour Beetle, Tribolium castaneum Herbst
Although the application of synthetic chemicals is the main method in
the management of insect pests, their overuse has led to public
concerns about environmental pollution, threats to human health, and
acute and chronic toxicity on non-target organisms. Plant essential
oils have introduced as healthy, available, and effective alternatives
to detrimental chemicals in recent years. Further, it is necessary to
predict the exact amount of required pesticide to save costs and
determine the optimal conditions for achievement to the best outcomes.
Accordingly, the toxicity of Eucalyptus globulus Labill essential oil
against the adults of a cosmopolitan pest Tribolium castaneum Herbst
(red flour beetle) along with its modeling and optimization was
assessed using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The coefficients of
the essential oil concentration and time as independent variables are
positive, showing their increase results in the augmentation of insect
pest mortality. E. globulus essential oil showed prospective
concentration-time dependent fumigant toxicity against T. castaneum. A
quadratic polynomial equation was achieved for the toxicity of E.
globulus essential oil using multiple regression analysis: 7.33413 +
0.20191A + 0.47313B + 4.64054E-003AB + 0.016349B2, in which A and B are
the exposure time and essential oil concentration. The accuracy of the
introduced model was approved through the analysis of variance. Results
of the optimization indicated that 45.50 \u3bcl/l of essential oil and
72.00 h-exposure time would be adequate to achieve 92.45% mortality of
T. castaneum. According to the results of current study, E. globulus
essential oil has high potential in the management of T. castaneum and
the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is a suitable method to the
optimization and modelling of this bio-effect
Some Preliminary Phytochemical Screening and Assessment of Four Solvents Extracts of Button Weed ( Borreria verticillata )
Borreria vertcillata is a woody perennial shrub with false-button weedy
herb belonging to the family (Rubiaceae), used for treating/curing
various forms of diseases across the world since ancient times.
Qualitative phytochemical screening of Borreria vertcillata pulverized
whole plant was carried out using four different solvent extracts
(N-hexane, chloroform, ethyl-acetate and methanol). The phytochemicals
screeened contained alkaloids, triterpenes, flavonoids, glycosides,
tannins, saponnins, anthraquinones and steroids. The extracts were then
screened for the presence of some phytochemicals such as alkaloids,
anthraquinones, saponnins, steroids, terpenes, flavonoids, tannins and
glycosides. All the extracts contained alkaloids, triterpenes and
glycosides present but flavonoids, saponnins and tannins only present
in ethyl acetate and methanol while anthraquinones and steroids were
totally absent from the extracts .Of all the extracts Ethyl acetate
extracts had the most influential effects on pathogenic organisms such
as Culex quinquefasciatus , Staphylococcus aureus , Escherichia coli
and Candidas albica
Introduction of Improved Okra (NHAe47-4) Variety as a Means of Economic Enhancement of Farmers in Ido Village, Ido Local Government Area, Oyo State, Nigeria
The study was carried out to introduce improved okra (NHAe47-4) variety
to farmers in Ido Village in Ido Local Government of Oyo State using
SAFE approach to agricultural extension which includes; capacity
building among farmers to enable them diagnoses their problems,
identify solutions and develop plans and implement them with or without
support from outside. Farmers in the studied area were selected and a
group was formed comprising of twelve (12) members. Sensitization and
awareness creation were conducted in the study area through series of
activities such as facilitating, interactive group discussions and
several meetings with the farmers were held to orientate them of the
improved okra variety through teaching and management techniques.
Descriptive statistical tool such as frequency distribution and
percentages was used to analyze the objectives. At the end of the
harvesting and whole exercise, the group (farmers) was interviewed
verbally to know their levels of awareness for adoption and their
general view about the improved variety in relation to the normal okra
variety they were used to. The farmers embraced the technology and they
were actively participated through demonstration method exercise.
Having known all the techniques involved in the production cycle, the
farmers also tried the technology on their individual plot which served
as an encouragement factor for adoption. The study thus resulted into
improving the standard of living and economic enhancement of the
farmers in the study area
Identification and Abundance of Plant-parasitic Nematodes Associated with Amenity Trees in the University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
Plant-parasitic nematodes contribute to unnoticeable damages which lead
to gradual decline in the values and eventually death of amenity trees.
Identification of these nematode pests is vital for their effective
management. Reconnaissance survey was carried out to identify amenity
tree species present in the University of Port Harcourt(UNIPORT).
Composite bulked soil and root samples (126) were collected from
amenity trees in UNIPORT and nematode pests were extracted from samples
using modified Baerman method. The nematode pests were identified and
their populations determined using standard procedures. Relative
importance value (RIV) and diversity indices were calculated with
appropriate software. Data were processed using descriptive statistics
and with analysis of variance. 38 tree species were identified in
UNIPORT belonging to 20 families. Terminalia mantaly , Cocos nucifera
and Terminalia catappa with RIVs of 15.1, 9.35, and 9.12
respectively were the three most important amenity trees in UNIPORT.
Fifteen nematode pest genera; Helicotylenchus , Aporcelaimus ,
Tylenchulus , Meloidogyne , Scutelonema , Pratylenchus , Tylenchus
, Rotylenchoides, Criconema , Hemicyliophora, Trichodorus ,
Mesodorylaimus , Heterodera , Paratylenchus and Longidorus were
associated with 21 of the amenity trees. The three most important
nematode pest genera were Helicotylenchus, Tylenchulus and Aporcelaimus
with RIVs of 42%, 16% and 5.34%, respectively. Helicotylenchus (RIV
45.41%) and Tylenchulus (RIV 30%) were the most important
plant-parasitic nematode genera in the soil and roots of amenity trees,
respectively. Helicotylenchus, Tylenchulus and Aporcelaimus were the
three most important plant-parasitic nematode genera associated with
amenity trees in UNIPORT
Amenity Trees Diversity in Selected Tertiary Institutions within Port Harcourt Metropolis, Rivers State, Nigeria
Trees are a central component of most urban communities, providing
diverse benefits such as improving air quality, increasing aesthetic
appeal, preventing erosion and providing habitat for wildlife. However,
there is inadequate information on the distribution and diversity of
these trees within our academic environments. This study investigates
the distribution, frequency and species diversity of amenity trees
within the main campuses of tertiary institutions in River State,
Nigeria. The selected tertiary institutions are University of
Port-Harcourt (Institution A) and Rivers State University (Institution
B). Five (5) major roads in each campus were randomly selected, and
200m along each road was selected as sample areas. Ten (10) meter was
marked from the edge of the road, and complete inventory was taken of
all trees within the marked sample area. Diameter at breast height
(DBH), crown diameter and tree height were measured. Shannon-Weiner and
Simpson diversity index were used to calculate amenity trees diversity,
while Margalef specie richness was used to calculate the species index.
A total of 539 trees were surveyed on both campuses, comprising 26
different species and 10 families. Casuarina equisetifolia had the
highest frequency with 92 trees in B. Simpson diversity index showed
higher diversity (D = 0.78) in B amenity trees than A (D = 0.81).
Shannon-Weiner species evenness was 0.71 and 0.76 for Institutions A
and B respectively. Margalef specie richness index were 2.90 for A and
1.40 for B. This study provides baseline information for ecosystem
management of urban forest tree species within campuses. For
sustainable management of trees on campuses, frequent inventory and
survey should be conducted to establish their abundance, distribution
and diversity
Rural Households\u2019 Attitude towards Potential Use of Jatropha for Environmental Restoration in Saki West Local Government Area of Oyo State, Nigeria
The study examined rural households\u2019 attitude towards potential
use of Jatropha for environmental restoration in Saki-West Local
Government Area. A purposive sampling procedure was used in selecting
due to deforestation for charcoal production, while 120 respondents
were sampled with a simple random technique from the study area. The
data were collected through a well-structured questionnaire with
interview section, and were analyzed with frequencies, percentages,
mean scores, and Pearson product moment correlation. There was
correlation between rural households\u2019 awareness on use of
Jatropha and use of Jatropha for environmental restoration (r =
0.399**, p < 0.05). The respondents\u2019 attitude was
significantly related to their behavior in utilization of Jatropha for
environmental restoration (r = - 0.182*, p < 0.05). The study showed
that awareness and attitude of rural households strongly influenced use
of Jatropha for environmental restoration. The implication of this
study is to ensure that the environment becomes free of hazards and
degradation which affect survival of the ecosystem and biodiversity.
Hence, government should join in the advocacy to open continuous
channels of communication on the importance of Jatropha, and to also
motivate the people to having right attitude towards the use of
Jatropha as a measure to restoring the environment