Reforesting the Coastal Deserts of the World: A Peruvian Case-Study

This paper discusses the technical and economic possibilities of adapting new technologies for harvesting water from clouds for the purposes of reforestation of vast arid areas of the Peruvian coastline. Peru is the climatical synthesis of the world, with great diversity of climates due to numerous factors such as its latitude, the Andes, the Peruvian sea, and the El Niño current. Although the cold waters of the Peruvian sea have influenced the climate converting the coast into a desert strip, it contributes, paradoxically, to the formation of dense layers of stratum clouds that cover the Peruvian coastal sky most of the year.The viability of adapting the water-harvesting technologies for reforestation of Peru’s coastline is shown to be valid in the paper. The discussion suggests that a social cost-benefit analysis of a 1000-hectares pilot reforestation project would show fairly low monetary costs and very important potential economic benefits. The main use that the new forest areas may be put to is agroforestry production systems, including timber, perennial semi-tropical crops (lucuma, pacay, pepino, basul), medicinal herbs, pasture crops and south american camelidae. The emphasis should be on desert plants such as cactus. The environmental benefits, stemming from the mere existence of forest and a greater biodiversity even if no commercial output is extracted from them, are more difficult to evaluate. Because, how are we to value the benefits on climate and on people brought about by the rebirth of a forest

Integración de la Inteligencia Artificial en el Marketing: Métodos y Estrategias para Aumentar el Valor Empresarial

In this present article, the objective is to review the literature in the environment on the different factors of artificial intelligence, as it is known today, many companies are implementing artificial intelligence in marketing, likewise they continue to propose more strategies and improvement methods to generate more sales and advertising. For this, we have reviewed different articles in which it helped us to investigate more about the functions and adaptation strategies of artificial intelligence in marketing. According to this literature, there is a large number of organizations competing with each other, which makes the use of new technologiesessential to have a greater impact on consumers and improve certain areas of marketing. AI provides us with a new worldin which machines can solve problems that were previously exclusive to humans, learning autonomously. In the field of marketing, AI is experiencing significant growth and is having a special impact on market research companies. A lot of relevant information is already available, and you just need to manage it properly to reap its benefits.El presente artículo tiene como objetivo revisar la literatura en entorno a los distintos factores de la inteligencia artificial, como se sabe hoy en día muchas empresas están implementando la inteligencia artificial en el marketing, así mismo, siguen proponiendo más estrategias y métodos de mejora para generar más publicidad, lo que conlleva a aumentar las ventas de modo que la empresa crezca económica y publicitariamente. Para ello, hemos revisado distintos artículos en los cuales nos ayudó a investigar más sobre las funciones y estrategias de adaptación de la inteligencia artificial en marketing, según esta literatura existe una gran cantidad de organizaciones compitiendo entre sí, lo que hace indispensable el uso de nuevas tecnologías para tener un mayor impacto en los consumidores y mejorar el áreas de marketing dentro de las empresas. La inteligencia artificial nos brinda un nuevo mundo en el que las máquinas y softwares pueden resolver problemas que antes eran exclusivos de los seres humanos, aprendiendo de forma autónoma y continua.En el ámbito del marketing, la inteligencia artificial está teniendo un crecimiento significativo y está impactando especialmente a las empresas de investigación de mercados. Mucha información relevante ya está disponible y solo es necesario administrar adecuadamente para aprovechar sus beneficios

Estudio de correlación entre puestos laborales con ingresos promedios y remuneración mínima vital en el sector formal en el Perú para el periodo 2015-2022

The main objective of this research is to study whether there is a correlation between the number of jobs in the formal sector,both in the entire sector and only in the private sector, with the average nominal income of these workers who are in the fifth category and the minimum wage, both real and nominal, for the period 2015-2022 in Peru. The result shows that there is a statistically significant and direct correlation between the variables studied. This means that more jobs in the formal sector matches with higher levels of average income of workers in this sector, and with higher minimum wage. In addition, it also shows the difference between what a worker in the formal sector produces (S/. 6,412.89 soles per month on average) with what is received on average in a job position (S/. 2,697.70 soles per month on average) for the period 2015-2021 also in Peru, thus finding that the difference is very high, the income represents an average of 42.07% of what it produces.La presente investigación tiene como objetivo principal estudiar si hay correlación entre la cantidad de puestos de trabajo en el sector formal, tanto en todo el sector como solamente privado, con los ingresos nominales promedios de estos trabajadores que se encuentran en quinta categoría y la remuneración mínima vital, tanto real como nominal, para el periodo 2015-2022 en el Perú. El resultado muestra que sí hay correlación estadísticamente significativa y de manera directa entre las variables estudiadas. Esto significa que más cantidad de puestos de trabajo en el sector formal coincide con mayores niveles de ingresos promedios de los trabajadores de este sector, y con mayor remuneración mínima vital. Además, también se muestra la diferencia entre lo que produce un trabajador del sector formal (S/. 6,412.89 soles mensuales en promedio) con lo que se percibe en promedio en un puesto laboral (S/. 2,697.70 soles mensuales en promedio) para el periodo 2015-2021 también en el Perú, encontrando así que la diferencia es muy alta, el ingreso representa en promedio el 42.07% de lo que produce

Las remesas internacionales y la participación en la fuerza laboral en Costa Rica: Explicando Resultados Contradictorios

The purpose of this article is to investigate the effects of remittances on labor force participation and labor supply decision of women in Costa Rica based on an analysis of data from the Costa Rica national survey, Encuesta de Hogares de Propositos Multiples (Household Survey for Multiple Purposes) in 2007. The labor force participation decision is analyzed with a Probit model. The determinants of total number of hours worked is investigated with the Heckman selection model. The labor force participation decision on female household heads is found to be affected by remittances and the frequency, reduce labor force participation rates as much as 20 percent. The effect of remittances on the number of hours supplied is found to be weaker. Those households, which receive no remittances or only receive remittances infrequently, supply 3.5 hours more per week. However, we fail to find that frequent remittance receiving household heads supply fewer hours. We find evidence that the number of hours supplied is affected by the frequency of remittances for the poor, but not the extremely poor

La Condena de la Libertad: De Túpac Amaru II al Bicentenario Peruano en Seis Ensayos y un Colofón

Una vez más, Alberto Vergara nos sorprende con un excelente libro sobre la realidad nacional.1 Esta vez, con su coeditor, Paulo Drinot, Vergara reúne un grupo formidable de historiadores y politólogos para escribir una narrativa de más de 200 años de historia nacional

Commodity Medium-Term Cycles and Transition to Green Energies: A Markov Switching Model

This study uses an AR model with Markov Switching approach to forecast the real growth of copper price using 2 regimes: expansion and contraction. We expect an increase in the demand for metals in the medium term due to the transition to green energies. In the estimated model, we see that the contractive state presents a negative growth, while the expansionary state shows a growth equal to 3.57 percent annually. The filtered and smoothed probabilities show that the real growth of copper is in the expansionary state most of the time (approximately the 82.56 percent of the time of the sample period). Thus, we provide evidence that in the medium-run term (next 20 years), it is expected that the real price of copper grows at the same rate as the expansionary state of its previous medium-run term cycle, which is equal to 3.57 percent annually.This study uses an AR model with Markov Switching approach to forecast the real growth of copper price using 2 regimes: expansion and contraction. We expect an increase in the demand for metals in the medium term due to the transition to green energies. In the estimated model, we see that the contractive state presents a negative growth, while the expansionary state shows a growth equal to 3.57 percent annually. The filtered and smoothed probabilities show that the real growth of copper is in the expansionary state most of the time (approximately the 82.56 percent of the time of the sample period). Thus, we provide evidence that in the medium-run term (next 20 years), it is expected that the real price of copper grows at the same rate as the expansionary state of its previous medium-run term cycle, which is equal to 3.57 percent annually

Estudio de la relación entre gasto público e ingresos con inversión privada y empleo en el Perú para el periodo 2007-2020

El presente trabajo es cuantitativo y tiene como principal objetivo encontrar si hay relación entre gasto público e ingresos con la inversión privada y el nivel de empleo en el Perú para el periodo 2007-2020. Para lo cual se extrajeron datos del INEI, CEPLAN, BCRP y las cuentas nacionales. Entre los principales resultados se encuentra que tanto el gasto público como los ingresos nominales provenientes del trabajo se relacionan altamente con la formación bruta de capital fijo privado nominal (r múltiple = 0.90 y ajustado = 0.96) y capital real (precios 2007) (r múltiple = 0.79 y ajustado = 0.56), con la población económicamente activa ocupada (PEAO) (r múltiple = 0.94 y ajustado = 0.87), con el número de trabajadores en el sector formal (r múltiple = 0.99 y ajustado = 0.97) y al igual que con la cantidad de trabajadores formales (r múltiple = 0.99 y ajustado = 0.98). Mientras que la relación entre gasto público e ingresos nominales provenientes del trabajo con el stock de empresas del Perú pero para el periodo 2010-2020, tanto la correlación múltiple como la determinación ajustada, también resultan ser altas (r múltiple = 0.98 y ajustado = 0.94)

Perú: Consolidación Fiscal 1980-2020 y Retos a la Fecha —Una Aproximación

Esta nota narra la consolidación fiscal ocurrida en los últimos 40 años, las evoluciones en los conceptos de déficit fiscal monitoreados en el análisis fiscal, y el impacto de la condicionalidad del Fondo Monetario Internacional (FMI) inmersa en los sucesivos programas financieros subscritos entre Perú y el FMI sobre la evolución de los principales agregados fiscales. La nota también elabora en los logros y retos de gestión pública a la fecha

World Economy Perspectives for 2023

The world economy presents an abrupt and prolonged slowdown that will affect low- and middle-income countries more strongly. According to the World Bank (2023), the projected growth forecast for the economy for 2023 dropped, from July 2022 to January 2023, from 3% at 1.7%