Las Nuevas Galápagos:: Turismo y Desarrollo para el Norte del Perú

In the Piura-Lambayeque Region, in Northern Peru, there are two groups of islands near the Pacific Coast. One is Lobosde-Tierra and the other one is Lobos-de-Afuera, because it is located further away into the ocean. This paper proposesconstruing an artificial floating island between the two groups of islands mentioned above. This would create a larger clusterof islands that will serve only as a sanctuary for the sea lions and other marine species that live in the area, such as penguinsand other births. This cluster of islands could become the Peruvian Galapagos. The costs of the investment project are calculated by using the data from similar endeavors in China or Denmark or TheMaldives. We may assume that the unit costs for the Artificial Floating Island in Peru are equal to the unit costs of anothersimilar project of artificial floating islands in those countries. The benefits of this investment project will be the new incomegenerated by the new cruise tourism. We may assume that the benefits of the project may be estimated from the actual tourismrevenue from the Galapagos Islands. The paper advances that the benefit-cost ratio will be positive and the internal rate of return will be higher than other tourismprojects already approved by development banks, such as the Inter-American Development Bank. The new project will also help relief from the situation Peru is facing with the global COVID-19 pandemic. Economic recession is plaguing Peru in the 2020s and amounts as one of the worst economic situations of the last 100 years. Also, the global economy is in contraction in Europe and other regions. In fact, the aftermath of the pandemic will be considered as years of economic development lost for some countries like Peru. Specifically, receptive tourism in Peru is in danger of extinction after the pandemic. Actually, Peruvian tourism, which gives employment to 1.4 million people who are mainly women, is in collapse. Also, this article aims to make proposals to help tourism sales recover their position as the most important section of serviceexports in Peru. The proposal is intended to encourage a nontraditional tourism on the tropical coast of Northern Peruthat should complement the traditional archeological tourism. The conclusions make emphasis on the fact that, at present,Peru is not exploiting its comparative advantage in tourism, which could become a leading sector of the economy. Finally,our thesis is based on the notion that, from 2021 onwards, the recovery of the Peruvian economy must necessarily be basedon exploiting the recovery of external demand rather than putting our trust in domestic demand growth.In the Piura-Lambayeque Region, in Northern Peru, there are two groups of islands near the Pacific Coast. One is Lobos-de-Tierra and the other one is Lobos-de-Afuera, because it is located further away into the ocean. This paper proposes construing an artificial floating island between the two groups of islands mentioned above. This would create a larger cluster of islands that will serve only as a sanctuary for the sea lions and other marine species that live in the area, such as penguins and other births. This cluster of islands could become the Peruvian Galapagos.The costs of the investment project are calculated by using the data from similar endeavors in China or Denmark or The Maldives. We may assume that the unit costs for the Artificial Floating Island in Peru are equal to the unit costs of another similar project of artificial floating islands in those countries. The benefits of this investment project will be the new income generated by the new cruise tourism. We may assume that the benefits of the project may be estimated from the actual tourism revenue from the Galapagos Islands.The paper advances that the benefit-cost ratio will be positive and the internal rate of return will be higher than other tourism projects already approved by development banks, such as the Inter-American Development Bank. The new project will also help relief from the situation Peru is facing with the global COVID-19 pandemic. Economic recession is plaguing Peru in the 2020s and amounts as one of the worst economic situations of the last 100 years. Also, the global economy is in contraction in Europe and other regions. In fact, the aftermath of the pandemic will be considered as years of economic development lost for some countries like Peru. Specifically, receptive tourism in Peru is in danger of extinction after the pandemic. Actually, Peruvian tourism, which gives employment to 1.4 million people who are mainly women, is in collapse. Also, this article aims to make proposals to help tourism sales recover their position as the most important section of service exports in Peru. The proposal is intended to encourage anontraditional tourism on the tropical coast of Northern Peru that should complement the traditional archeological tourism. The conclusions make emphasis on the fact that, at present, Peru is not exploiting its comparative advantage in tourism, which could become a leading sector of the economy. Finally, our thesis is based on the notion that, from 2021 onwards, the recovery of the Peruvian economy must necessarily be based on exploiting the recovery of external demand rather than putting our trust in domestic demand growth

Indicadores de riesgo y el retorno esperado en la inversión extranjera directa en el sector minero de Perú y Chile (2006-2023)

The aim of this study is to analyze the impact of the expected return on capital and risk indicators on investors’ decision-making in the mining sector of Peru and Chile during the 2006-2023 period. The research focuses on three exogenous variables: the cost of capital calculated using the CAPM model, the corruption perception index, and the governance index. The endogenous variable is Foreign Direct Investment, with all variables expressed in annual periods. Additionally, the methodology employed corresponds to the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model. As main results, it is shown that the political risks captured in the CorruptionPerception Index (CPI) and the governance index (WGI) are not significant for the flows of foreign direct investments for Peru, however, if they are significant, it is said that they do influence Chile’s foreign direct investment flows. On the other hand, the expected performance of the mining sector presents positive effects on the investment flows for the study countries, that is, there is a direct relationship, with an increase in the expected performance of the sector, foreign investment from the countries of studywill increase.El objetivo del presente estudio es analizar el impacto del retorno esperado de capital y de los indicadores de riesgo en la toma de decisiones de los inversores en el sector minero de Perú y Chile durante el período del 2007-2023 en frecuencia anual. La  investigación se enfoca en tres variables exógenas: el costo de capital calculado mediante el modelo CAPM, el índice de percepción de corrupción y el índice de gobernanza. La variable endógena es la Inversión extranjera directa, todas las variables son expresadas en períodos anuales. Asimismo, la metodología empleada corresponde al modelo Autorregresivo de Rezagos Distribuidos (ARDL).Como principales resultados, se demuestra que los riesgos políticos captados en el Índice de percepción de corrupción (CPI) y el índice de gobernanza (WGI) no son significativos para los flujos de inversiones extranjera directa para Perú, sin embargo, si son significativos, es decir que si tienen un efecto en los flujos de inversión extranjera directa de Chile. Por otro lado, el rendimiento esperado del sector minero presente efectos positivos a los flujos de inversión para los países de estudio, es decir, que existe una relación directa, frente un aumento del rendimiento esperado del sector minero aumentará la inversión extranjera de los países de estudio

Propiedades psicométricas del EQ-i-M20 en estudiantes universitarios chilenos

The Brief Emotional Intelligence Inventory (EQ-i-M20) was designed to assess emotional intelligence in individuals. Its application in educational contexts allows the identification of areas for intervention and development. This study aimed to evaluate its psychometric properties. It used an instrumental design and 500 Chilean university students participated. The factor structure of the instrument was examined through confirmatory factor analysis and factorial invariance tests were performed. The structural analysis revealed that the five-factor model of the EQ-i-M20 showed favorable fit indicators (X²=267.278, gl=160, p<0.001; CFI=0.986; TLI=0.984; RMSEA=0.033; SRMR=0.042). In addition, the factorial invariance analysis confirmed the equivalence of the model between men and women, suggesting that it equitably measures emotional intelligence in both genders. These results are relevant as they provide background information regarding an appropriate tool for assessing emotional intelligence in university students.El Inventario Breve de Inteligencia Emocional (EQ-i-M20) fue diseñado para evaluar la inteligencia emocional en individuos, su aplicación en contextos educativos permite identificar áreas de intervención y desarrollo. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar sus propiedades psicométricas. Ocupó un diseño instrumental y participaron 500 estudiantes universitarios chilenos. La estructura factorial del instrumento se examinó mediante análisis factorial confirmatorio y se realizaron pruebas de invarianza factorial. El análisis estructural reveló que el modelo de cinco factores del EQ-i-M20 mostró indicadores de ajuste favorables (X²=267.278, gl=160, p<0.001; CFI=0.986; TLI=0.984; RMSEA=0.033; SRMR=0.042). Además, el análisis de invarianza factorial confirmó la equivalencia del modelo entre hombres y mujeres, sugiriendo que mide de manera equitativa la inteligencia emocional en ambos géneros. Estos resultados son relevantes ya que proporciona antecedentes respecto a una herramienta adecuada para evaluar la inteligencia emocional en universitarios

Infraestructura tecnológica en los procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje en instituciones educativas: una revisión sistemática

The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the adoption of virtual and hybrid teaching methods, leading to substantial changes in educational approaches. This study focused on evaluating the effect of mediating technologies on post-pandemic educational processes, emphasizing their essential role in enhancing interaction and cooperation between teachers and students. Although their relevance is evident, challenges persist in terms of access, quality, and evaluation of technological educational initiatives. To address these challenges, a comprehensive literature review was conducted, examining 26 international academic studies published in the last five years. The findings indicate that mediating technologies positively influence motivation, student retention, and self-directed learning, especially in higher education and language teaching. However, the effects vary depending on the context. It is recommended to implement a technological strategy in the classroom that enhances learning and supports holistic education, highlighting the importance of developing comprehensive programs for planning, execution, and evaluation of educational technologies before applying these findings in specific contexts like Colombia.La pandemia del COVID-19 aceleró la adopción de métodos de enseñanza virtuales e híbridos, provocando cambios sustanciales en los enfoques educativos. Este estudio se centró en evaluar el efecto de las tecnologías mediadoras en los procesos educativos posteriores a la pandemia, subrayando su rol esencial en mejorar la interacción y cooperación entre docentes y estudiantes. Aunque su relevancia es evidente, persisten desafíos en cuanto al acceso, la calidad y la evaluación de las iniciativas educativas tecnológicas. Para enfrentar estos retos, se ejecutó una revisión literaria, examinando 26 estudios académicos internacionales publicados en los últimos cinco años. Los hallazgos indican que las tecnologías mediadoras influyen positivamente en la motivación, la retención de estudiantes y el aprendizaje autodirigido, especialmente en la educación superior y la enseñanza de idiomas. Sin embargo, los efectos varían según el contexto. Se recomienda una estrategia de implementación tecnológica en el aula que potencie los aprendizajes y apoye una formación integral, resaltando la importancia de desarrollar programas integrales de planificación, ejecución y evaluación de tecnologías educativas antes de aplicar estos hallazgos en contextos específicos como el colombiano

Representaciones sociales sobre ciberbullying en padres y docentes de un colegio de Lima en contexto de pandemia

After the arrival of the pandemic, not only the traditional forms of teaching-learning in schools changed, but also the violence, thus generating cyberbullying, in this regard, it is important to address what parents and teachers think about it. Thus, the objective is to know the social representations about cyberbullying in parents and teachers of a school in Lima in the context of pandemic. For this purpose, a qualitative research of reflexive thematic analysis design was carried out where 10 semi-structured interviews were applied to (5) teachers and (5) parents. It was found that, cyberbullying is perceived as a type of cyber violence among peers that manifests itself through verbal violence, as well as photo editing; also, the victims are perceived as introverted, the aggressors as lacking affection, and the spectators as normalizers of violence as entertainment. Regarding the contextualization of cyberbullying, participants point to dysfunctional family dynamics as the main cause, which generates emotional instability. Finally, regarding the coping of parents and teachers, the importance of involvement is found, and emphasis is placed on the prevention of the problem through different mechanisms. It is concluded that the participants represent cyberbullying as cyber violence, involving aggressors with affective deficiencies, introverted victims and bystanders who normalize violence. For their part, they indicate that the perpetrators come from families with dysfunctional dynamics; finally, they stress the need for active involvement and prevention on their part.Tras la llegada de la pandemia, cambiaron no solo las formas tradicionales de enseñanza-aprendizaje en los colegios, sino también las violencias, generándose así el ciberbullying, al respecto, resulta importante abordar lo que los padres y docentes piensan de esta. Así, se plantea como objetivo conocer las representaciones sociales sobre el ciberbullying en padres y docentes de un colegio de Lima en el contexto de pandemia. Para ello se realizó una investigación cualitativa de diseño de análisis temático reflexivo donde se aplicaron 10 entrevistas semiestructuradas, a (5) docentes y (5) padres de familia. Se encontró que, el ciberbullying es percibido como un tipo de violencia cibernética entre pares que se manifiesta por medio de la violencia verbal, así como la edición de fotos; asimismo, las víctimas son percibidas como introvertidas, los agresores como carentes afectivos, y los espectadores como normalizadores de la violencia a modo de entretenimiento. En cuanto a la contextualización del ciberbullying los participantes señalan como principal causa a la dinámica familiar disfuncional, que genera inestabilidad emocional. Finalmente, en cuanto al afrontamiento de padres y docentes, se encuentra la importancia del involucramiento, y se hace hincapié en la prevención de la problemática a través de distintos mecanismos. Se concluye que los participantes representan al ciberbullying como una violencia cibernética, que involucra agresores con carencias afectivas, víctimas introvertidas y espectadores que normalizan la violencia. Por su parte, indican que los violentadores provendrían de familias con dinámicas disfuncionales; finalmente, subrayan la necesidad de involucramiento y prevención activa por su parte

Nuclear Symmetry and Escalation Dynamics in Interstate Crises

This paper analyzes the dynamics of interstate conflicts involving nuclear-armed states from 1969 to 2025, examining how nuclear capabilities and strategic asymmetry influence escalation, nuclear signaling, and resolution outcomes. Eight pivotal cases of datasets, including the Sino-Soviet Border Clash (1969), the Kargil War (1999), and the Israel-Israel Confrontation (2025), are categorized by duration, nuclear tensions, symmetry, and outcome type. This paper introduces the concept of a probabilistic deterrence equilibrium, deterrence that shows that deterrence is not a binary condition but a spectrum of behavioral probabilities affected by nuclear symmetry, mediation, and domestic pressure. Monte Carlo Simulation reveals that symmetric nuclear conflicts average 14.60 days, shorter than asymmetric ones (24.8 days), while asymmetric dyads show a higher likelihood of mediated or ceasefire outcomes (≈0.67 vs 0.40). This pattern shows that mutual nuclear deterrence compresses conflict duration through reciprocal risk awareness, whereas nuclear asymmetry raises opportunities for external mediation and early conflict termination. The insights highlight that nuclear deterrence works as a probabilistic equilibrium rather than an absolute condition, hindering the need for crisis communication mechanisms as early warning systems to manage escalation in nuclear-involved conflicts

The Criminal Responsability of Vladimir Putin & CO. For the Commission of the Crime of Aggression

This work aims to demonstrate the jurisdictional avenues (de lege lata) available to prosecute Vladimir Putin and the rest of the high-ranking political and military officials of the Russian Federation for the crime of international aggression. To do so, we will dedicate the following three sections to studying the criminal figure: the crime of international aggression. Specifically, we will examine the legally protected objective (legal interest) of the offence, how this impacts the typological structure (objective and subjective) of the crime, and which elements constitute (prima facie) the pactum scaleris or criminal agreement in the specific case of the invasion of Ukraine. Afterwards, we will analyse the pros and cons of resorting to the International Criminal Court, the possibility of establishing an ad hoc international tribunal, and what I consider the most plausible hypothesis (although not mentioned, as far as we know, by the Academy): that Russian justice itself oversee holding the perpetrators of these atrocities accountable.Este trabajo tiene como objetivo demostrar las vías jurisdiccionales (de lege lata) disponibles para enjuiciar a Vladimir Putin y al resto de los altos funcionarios políticos y militares de la Federación Rusa por el delito de agresión internacional. Para hacerlo, dedicaremos las siguientes tres secciones al estudio de la figura delictiva: el delito de agresión internacional. Específicamente, examinaremos el objetivo legalmente protegido (interés jurídico) del delito, cómo esto afecta la estructura tipológica (objetiva y subjetiva) del crimen y qué elementos constituyen (prima facie) el Pactum Scaleris o acuerdo criminal en el caso específico de la invasión de Ucrania. Posteriormente, analizaremos los pros y contras de recurrir a la Corte Penal Internacional, la posibilidad de establecer un tribunal internacional ad hoc y lo que consideramos la hipótesis más plausible (aunque no mencionada, hasta donde sabemos, por la Academia): que la justicia rusa misma supervise la rendición de cuentas de los responsables de estas atrocidades

Funciones ejecutivas, creatividad y rendimiento académico en estudiantes universitarios argentinos. Un análisis de mediación

The relationship between executive functions (EF), creative personality, and academic performance in Argentine university students was examined. A total of 248 students (M = 22.97 years, SD = 4.43) from various Argentine provinces participated. The Adult Executive Functioning Inventory (ADEXI), the Cognitive Flexibility Scale, the Creative Behavior Scale (ECC), and the Creative Personality Scale (EPC) were used, along with academic performance data and sociodemographic information. Data were collected online through Google Forms and analyzed using Spearman correlations and mediation analysis with robust Maximum Likelihood estimator and Bootstrap. Cognitive flexibility exhibited the most robust correlation with grade point average (r = .281, p < .001), followed by working memory difficulties (r = -.234, p < .001). Creative personality correlated positively with grade point average (r = .249, p < .001). The mediation analysis confirmed a significant direct effect of cognitive flexibility on academic performance (β = 0.292, p < .001), as well as a weak but significant indirect effect through creative personality (β = 0.088, p = .016), evidencing partial mediation. The model explained 10% of the variance in academic performance. Findings underscore the relevance of cognitive flexibility as the primary predictor of university academic success and a complementary but minor role of creative personality.Se examinó la relación entre las funciones ejecutivas (FE), la personalidad creadora y el rendimiento académico en estudiantes universitarios argentinos. Participaron 248 estudiantes (M = 22.97 años, DE = 4.43) de diversas provincias argentinas. Se utilizaron el Inventario de Funcionamiento Ejecutivo de Adulto (ADEXI), la Escala de Flexibilidad Cognitiva, la Escala de Comportamiento Creativo (ECC), la Escala de Personalidad Creativa (EPC), junto con datos del rendimiento académico e información sociodemográfica. Los datos se recolectaron en línea mediante Google Forms y se analizaron mediante correlaciones de Spearman y análisis de mediación con estimador de Máxima Verosimilitud robusto y Bootstrap.  La flexibilidad cognitiva evidenció la correlación más robusta con el promedio de cursado (r = .281, p < .001), seguida por las dificultades en memoria de trabajo (r = -.234, p < .001). La personalidad creadora correlacionó positivamente con el promedio de cursado (r = .249, p < .001). El análisis de mediación confirmó un efecto directo significativo de la flexibilidad cognitiva sobre el promedio (β = 0.292, p < .001), así como un efecto indirecto débil pero significativo a través de la personalidad creadora (β = 0.088, p = .016), evidenciando una mediación parcial. El modelo explicó el 10% de la variabilidad del rendimiento académico. Los hallazgos subrayan la relevancia de la flexibilidad cognitiva como predictor del éxito académico universitario y un papel complementario, pero menor, de la personalidad creadora

Entre la apertura y el pragmatismo: la política exterior de Deng Xiaoping hacia América Latina (1978–1990)

This research analyzes the foreign policy pursued by Deng Xiaoping between 1978 and 1990 and its impact on the initial configuration of relations between the People's Republic of China and Latin America. Using a historical-interpretive approach, the study employs a content analysis of Deng's official speeches and complements it with statistical and chronological evidence on the evolution of trade and diplomatic ties. The results show, firstly, that Deng's foreign policy was based on pragmatism oriented towards economic opening and the pursuit of international legitimacy. Secondly, it is observed that the rapprochement with Latin America was part of a broader global strategy, and that its role during this period was primarily symbolic and political. Thirdly, the historical data indicate that the region's economic impact on the Chinese modernization process was limited, although it did contribute to diversifying China's foreign relations. The study's main limitations are the unequal availability of sources and the limited time frame, which opens the possibility of future comparative research addressing the evolution of the Sino-Latin American link after the year 2000.La presente investigación analiza la política exterior impulsada por Deng Xiaoping entre 1978 y 1990 y su impacto en la configuración inicial de las relaciones entre la República Popular China y América Latina. Desde un enfoque histórico-interpretativo, se emplea un análisis de contenido de los discursos oficiales de Deng y se complementa con evidencia estadística y cronológica sobre la evolución del comercio y los vínculos diplomáticos. Los resultados muestran, en primer lugar, que la política exterior de Deng se sustentó en un pragmatismo orientado a la apertura económica y a la búsqueda de legitimidad internacional. En segundo lugar, se observa que el acercamiento hacia América Latina formó parte de una estrategia global más amplia, y que su papel durante este periodo fue principalmente simbólico y político. En tercer lugar, los datos históricos indican que el impacto económico de la región en el proceso de modernización china fue limitado, aunque contribuyó a diversificar sus relaciones exteriores. El estudio presenta como principales limitaciones la disponibilidad desigual de fuentes y el marco temporal acotado, lo que abre la posibilidad de futuras investigaciones comparativas que aborden la evolución del vínculo sino–latinoamericano después del año 2000

Crisis del Sistema Internacional Liberal: Gobernanza, Nacionalismo y el Resurgimiento de Gobiernos Autoritarios

After the end of the Cold War, the international system based on a liberal order gradually entered a period of systemic crisis. This can be explained by three specific phenomena. First, the crisis of public international governance, in which international organizations show little or no capacity to enforce their policies, combined with the fragmentation of governance bodies. Second, the rise of strong nationalist movements in countries with significant international influence, as a response to the perceived threats posed by multilateralism and globalization. In parallel, this allows for the resurgence of authoritarian governments that use such narratives to justify their hold on power and undermine the international system that represents values opposed to their own.Through the use of bibliographic and journalistic material, an analysis of historical and political processes was carried out. This made it possible to identify that, in the face of a progressively shifting global balance of power and an erosion of liberal principles, it is essential to strengthen institutions and revitalize multilateralism as a tool to preserve the liberal order—one centered on democracy and cooperation—by balancing national interests with transcendent principles and adapting the liberal order to the current context.Luego del fin de la guerra fría, el sistema internacional basado en un orden liberal fue cayendo poco a poco en un periodo de crisis sistémica. Esto se explica desde tres fenómenos específicos. La crisis de gobernanza internacional pública, mediante la cual las organizaciones internacionales demuestran poca o nula capacidad de hacer cumplir sus políticas sumado con una atomización de los organismos de gobernanza. La aparición de fuertes movimientos nacionalistas en países con fuerte influencia internacional como respuesta a las aparentes amenazas que el multilateralismo y la globalización conllevan, que de manera paralela permite el resurgimiento de gobiernos autoritarios que utilizan esta narrativa para sustentar y justificar su estadía en el poder, y para menoscabar el sistema internacional que representa valores opuestos a los suyos. Mediante el uso de material bibliográfico y periodístico, se pudo realizar un análisis de procesos históricos y políticos. Esto permitió identificar que, ante un escenario de un progresivo cambio del balance global del poder y una erosión de principios liberales, es esencial fortalecer las instituciones y revitalizar el multilateralismo como herramienta para preservar el orden liberal, centrado en la democracia y cooperación, equilibrando los intereses nacionales y los principios trascendentales, adaptando el orden liberal al contexto actual