Does avian flight initiation distance indicate tolerance towards urban disturbance?

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10.5pt">Urbanization is dramatically altering biodiversity and ecosystem health worldwide. Birds are highly reactive to environmental change and are thus important indicators of ecological condition at both a global and a local scale. Flight initiation distance (FID) is generally used as a quantitative measure of a bird&rsquo;s tolerance to human-caused disturbance and may indicate how well a species or population has become adapted to chronic environmental stress. Here, we address the following questions, looking at speciesspecific FID values in different habitats along the urban&ndash;rural gradient:<span>&nbsp; </span>(a) Are within-species FID values generally lower in strongly urbanized areas than in more rural areas?<span>&nbsp; </span>And if so, (b) does variation of FID (VFID) indicate species-specific tolerance to urbanization?<span>&nbsp; </span>From 2008 to 2009, we measured FID in coastal bird species at eight sites along the urbanized coast of Xiamen, China, in a total of 254 trials. The results indicate that bird species with a high propensity to disperse and with large population sizes tend to decrease their FID more strongly along the urban&ndash;rural habitat gradient. This pattern was most apparent in the Little Egret (Egretta garzetta). Based on VFID, 17 bird species out of 36 were classified as being tolerant to urban environmental conditions, with FID values showing decreasing trends along the urban&ndash;rural gradient, as in the Little Egret. Our results suggest that VFID may be the relevant measure for analyzing birds&rsquo;tolerance to urbanization and for assessing the speed by which species or populations can adjust or adapt to novel environmental conditions.</span

Levels of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in edible shellfish from Xiamen (China) andestimation of human dietary intake.

Xiamen is a representative coastal city in China. Shellfish is widely consumed by local people. A broad spectrum of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were measured in representative shellfish from Xiamen. Despite being banned many years ago, these chemicals were still detected at varying levels. The total PCB levels ranged from 0.48 to 3.28 ng/g wet wt. for the shellfish surveyed.The tetra-, penta- and hexa-PCB congeners were found to be predominant. The estimated WHO&ndash;<br />TEQ PCB intakes through shellfish consumption ranged from 0.063 to 0.102 pg/kg body wt. for Xiamen adults and children, which were significantly lower than tolerable weekly intake. Among OCPs, DDTs were predominant, followed by aldrin-like chemicals and endosulfans. The increase in aldrin-like chemicals and endosulfans, and the decrease in DDTs were observed in this study when compared to historical data in Xiamen. HCHs, chlordanes, HCB, heptachlors and mirex were detected with low concentrations in the shellfish. The estimated intakes of OCPs were several orders lower than tolerable daily intakes.However, the high carcinogenic risk of aldrin and dieldrin were found in the measured shellfish species.p,p0-DDD, p0p-DDT, a-HCH and b-HCH in certain species should also be concerned for their potential<br />carcinogenic risks.Crown Copyright 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserve

中国海峡西岸城市群冬季PM2.5和PM10中水溶性离子的污染特征研究

<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt"><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><a name="OLE_LINK2"></a><a name="OLE_LINK1"></a><span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt">为了研究中国海峡西岸城市群冬季大气颗粒物水溶性离子的污染特征</span></span><span><span><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt">,</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt">采集该区域</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt">8 </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt">个城市共</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt">14 </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt">个采样点位</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt">(</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt">包含</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt">1 </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt">个背景点</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt">)</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt">的</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt">PM_2.5 </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt">和</span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt">PM_2.5~10 </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt">样品</span><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt">,</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt">采用离子色谱分析</span><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt">F^-</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt">、</span><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt">Cl^-</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt">、</span><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt">NO^3-</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt">、</span><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt">SO₄²-</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt">、</span><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt">Na⁺</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt">、</span><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt">K⁺</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt">、</span><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt">NH₄⁺</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt">、</span><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt">Ca²⁺</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt">和</span><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt">Mg²⁺ 9 </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt">种水溶性离子的质量浓度</span><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt">.</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt">结果表明</span><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt">,</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt">海峡西岸城市群冬季大气颗粒物污染严重</span><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt">,PM_2.5 </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt">和</span><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt">PM₁₀ </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt">的日均值分别为</span><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt">89.65,135.65&mu;g/m^3,PM_2.5 </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt">占</span><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt">PM₁₀</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt">的</span><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt">66.1%.</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt">城区水溶性无机离子主要集中在</span><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt">PM_2.5 </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt">上</span><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt">,</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt">其浓度分布存在空间差异</span><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt">,</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt">温州地区水溶性无机离子浓度处于较高水平</span><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt">;SO₄^2-</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt">、</span><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt">NO₃^-</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt">和</span><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt">NH₄⁺</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt">是水溶性无机离子的主要贡献者</span><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt">,</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt">其占</span><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt">PM_2.5 </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt">中水溶性离子总量的</span><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt">79.6%~89.0%,</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt">占</span><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt">PM₁₀</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt">的</span><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt">74.2%~83.4%.</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt">由于受冬季季风的影响</span><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt">,</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt">该区域非海盐离子对水溶性无机离子的贡献较大</span><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt">.NO₃^-/SO₄²-</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt">的质量浓度比显示</span><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt">,</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt">冬季海峡西岸城市群已处于机动车污染与燃煤污染并存的复合型污染状态。</span></p></span

The metabonomics of combined dietary exposure to phthalates and polychlorinated biphenyls in mice

Humans undergo simultaneous daily exposure to a multitude of endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs).In present study, after combined exposure to endocrine disruptors DEHP and Aroclor 1254 for 12 days, a iquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometer method combining both reversed-phase (RP)<br />and hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) separations was carried out to investigate the etabolic responses in mice. The metabolic profiles of endogenous metabolites could differentiate the ose and control groups in both RPLC and HILIC modes. Moreover, the male mice and female mice in different<br />groups could be obviously clustered in their own regions with combined model. Fourteen lysoPCs,PC(18:4/18:1), lysoPE(18:2/0:0), phenylalanine and tryptophan were identified as potential biomarkers or the combined toxicity of DEHP and Aroclor 1254. Different change trends could be observed for the<br />identified lysoPCs, due to their different levels of uptake and metabolism in mice. Moreover, genderspecific ifferences in several lysoPCs (e.g. lysoPC(18:0), lysoPC(22:6), lysoPC(20:3), and PC(18:4/18:1))were observed for treated mice. The metabonomic results indicated the combined exposure led to a<br />disturbance of lipid metabolism. The mRNA expressions of PLA2, ACOX1, CPT1, FAS and SCD1 involved n lipid metabolism were investigated. Among them, significant increases of FAS and SCD1 expressions n the liver induced by the exposure could be observed for both male and female mice, contributing to<br />the hepatic lipid accumulation in mice. Besides lipid metabolism, tryptophan metabolism and phenylalanine etabolism may also be involved with the toxic responses to these EDCs. The present study ot only improves the understanding of the combined toxicity of phthalates and PCBs but also shows hat the etabonomic approach may prove to be a promising technique for the toxicity research of<br />EDCs

电厂烟气脱硝催化剂(V2O5-WO3/TiO2)失活机理探析

分别以某电厂失活和新鲜的烟气选择性催化还原( SCR) 脱硝催化剂为研究对象，模拟测试催化剂的脱硝效率，并采用扫描电子显微镜-能量色散X 射线光谱( SEM-EDX) 、X 荧光光谱( XRF) 、X 光电子能谱( XPS) 、氮气吸脱附、傅里叶红外光谱( FT-IR) 、X 射线衍射( XRD) 和热重分析( TG) 等手段对催化剂的微观结构和表面形态进行表征，探讨了SCR 催化剂的失活机制。结果表明，380 ℃ 下失活催化剂的脱硝效率( 35． 0%) 和比表面积( 1． 05 m2 /g ) 明显低于新鲜催化剂( 88．2%， 72． 50 m2 /g) 。与新鲜催化剂相比，失活催化剂中V5+ 的比例由17． 4% 升高到32． 2%，并且表面出现了大量的Al2( SO4)3。另外，SEM 和XRD 结果表明，失活催化剂出现了烧结。催化剂表面V 价态的改变、高温烧结和表面Al2( SO4)3相的大量生成是催化剂失活的主要原因

厦门城市森林景观破碎化时空演变特征分析

利用厦门市1988、1996和2006年森林资源规划设计调查资料,采用景观指数分析方法,定量研究了厦门市森林景观破碎化时空演变特征.结果表明,1988、1996、2006年研究区林地面积所占比例分别为25.1％、48.7％和47.0％.中心区、近郊区和远郊区的森林景观破碎化动态具有差异性.中心区森林景观受城市化影响较大,破碎化程度加剧,林地内部之间的转化是森林破碎化的主要表现形式;近郊区是城市化进程中土地利用变化激烈区域,沿海区域林地被建设用地取代;远郊区是厦门市森林分布的主体部分,城市化水平低,森林景观受人为活动干扰较小

表面增强拉曼光谱研究多糖和蛋白对PVDF膜的膜污染能

<span>膜在运行过程中形成的膜污染会引起严重的膜通量下降,从而使得膜必须清洗甚至更换,是膜技术的主要缺点。典型的膜污染物质包括蛋白和多糖。本文发展表面增强拉曼光谱作为一种新的工具研究蛋白和多糖对聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)膜的膜污染能力。通过比较三种不同蛋白和多糖在玻璃片上和经过膜过滤之后SERS相对强度的变化,可迅速简便地判断出膜污染能力,即多糖(海藻酸钠)&gt;血红蛋白&gt;卵蛋白&gt;小牛血清蛋白。与基于荧光的技术相比,拉曼谱峰窄、光谱分辨率高、尤其是使用相同的激发光和激光功率就可以获得多种物质的SERS信号,使得SERS可以简便地判断不同物质的膜污染能力。</span

Levels of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in edible shellfish from Xiamen (China) andestimation of human dietary intake.

Xiamen is a representative coastal city in China. Shellfish is widely consumed by local people. A broad spectrum of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were measured in representative shellfish from Xiamen. Despite being banned many years ago, these chemicals were still detected at varying levels. The total PCB levels ranged from 0.48 to 3.28 ng/g wet wt. for the shellfish surveyed.The tetra-, penta- and hexa-PCB congeners were found to be predominant. The estimated WHO&ndash;<br />TEQ PCB intakes through shellfish consumption ranged from 0.063 to 0.102 pg/kg body wt. for Xiamen adults and children, which were significantly lower than tolerable weekly intake. Among OCPs, DDTs were predominant, followed by aldrin-like chemicals and endosulfans. The increase in aldrin-like chemicals and endosulfans, and the decrease in DDTs were observed in this study when compared to historical data in Xiamen. HCHs, chlordanes, HCB, heptachlors and mirex were detected with low concentrations in the shellfish. The estimated intakes of OCPs were several orders lower than tolerable daily intakes.However, the high carcinogenic risk of aldrin and dieldrin were found in the measured shellfish species.p,p0-DDD, p0p-DDT, a-HCH and b-HCH in certain species should also be concerned for their potential<br />carcinogenic risks.Crown Copyright 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserve

表面增强拉曼光谱研究多糖和蛋白对PVDF膜的膜污染能力

<p>膜在运行过程中形成的膜污染会引起严重的膜通量下降,从而使得膜必须清洗甚至更换,是膜技术的主要缺点.典型的膜污染物质包括蛋白和多糖.本文发展表面增强拉曼光谱作为一种新的工具研究蛋白和多糖对聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)膜的膜污染能力.通过比较三种不同蛋白和多糖在玻璃片上和经过膜过滤之后SERS相对强度的变化,可迅速简便地判断出膜污染能力,即多糖(海藻酸钠)＞血红蛋白＞卵蛋白＞小牛血清蛋白.与基于荧光的技术相比,拉曼谱峰窄、光谱分辨率高、尤其是使用相同的激发光和激光功率就可以获得多种物质的SERS信号,使得SERS可以简便地判断不同物质的膜污染能力.</p>Membrane fouling is the major drawback of membrane-based technologies because it will lead to severe flux declines and the need to clean or replace the fouled membrane.Typical membrane foulants include protein and polysaceharide (PS).We develop surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) as a new tool to investigate the fouling propensity o[ three different proteins and one PS.A simple strategy is employed by comparing the relative SERS band intensities of different proteins and PS on a glass slide and after membrane filtration.The sequence of the fouling propensity is concluded as PS＞myoglobin &asymp;ovalbumin ＞BSA.Compared with fluorescence-based techniques,the narrow,wellresolved Raman band,especially the use of a same excitation line and laser power,endows SERS the ability to compare the fouling propensity in a facile way

Urbanization increased metal levels in lake surface sediment and catchment topsoil of waterscape parks

Lake surface sediment is mainly derived from topsoil in its catchment. We hypothesized that distribution of<br />anthropogenic metals would be homogenous in lake surface sediment and the lake's catchment topsoil. Anthropogenic<br />metal distributions (cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn)) in fourteen waterscape parks were investigated in surface sediments and catchment topsoils and possible source<br />homogeneity was tested using stable Pb isotopic ratio analysis. The parks were located along an urbanization<br />gradient consisting of suburban (SU), developing urban (DIU), developed urban (DDU), and central urban<br />core (CUC) areas in Shanghai, China. Results indicated that surface lake sediments and catchment topsoils<br />in the CUC parks were highly contaminated by the investigated anthropogenic metals. Total metal contents in surface sediment and topsoil gradually increased along the urbanization gradient from the SU to CUC areas. Generally, the surface sediments had greater total metal contents than their catchment topsoils.These results suggest that urbanization drives the anthropogenic metal enrichment in both surface sediment and its catchment topsoil in the waterscape parks. Soil fine particles (b63 &mu;m) and surface sediments had similar enrichment ratios of metals, suggesting that surface runoff might act as a carrier for metals transporting from catchment to lake. Stable Pb isotope ratio analysis revealed that the major anthropogenic Pb source in surface sediment was coal combustion as in the catchment topsoil. Urbanization also correlated with chemical fractionation of metals in both surface sediment and catchment topsoil. From the SU to the CUC parks, amounts of labile metal fractions increased while the residual fraction of those metals remained rather constant. In short, urbanization in Shanghai drives anthropogenic metal distribution in environmental matrices and the sources were homogenous