Steady And Unsteady State Of Boeing 737 Airfoil

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is used to model objects based on the principle of fluid mechanics, with governing equations built in to understand how the fluid moves in the object. This study seeks to understand the fluid motion (air) of a Boeing 737 airfoil, a commonly used aircraft by airline companies, under different conditions in different stages of flight: takeoff, cruising, and landing. The primary objective is to compare steady state versus unsteady state due to velocity and turbulence at various stages of flight. Causes of unsteady state flow are weather, jet stream, mountain waves, and interaction of the surrounding during takeoff and landing. From my CFD model, I expect to see turbulence depend more on the velocity and the pressure when the airfoil is taking off and landing, compared to cruising. With this, comparing the lift coefficient at each of the stages of flight, the lift coefficient had a greater impact on the airfoil during takeoff and landing than cruising

The Things that Connect Us: Fiber Arts with an Artistic Lens

Fiber art is a medium that stretches across generations of people and continues to connect the past to the present. My project is called The Things that Connect Us: Fiber Arts with an Artistic Lens. Crochet has been part of my life since I was 10 years old and is still a big part of who I am as an artist. This technique is unique because it can only be done by hand. With my piece, I wanted to use this medium and put it on a canvas like how paint is traditionally applied. I took a lot of inspiration from Miriam Schapiro and the femmage movement. This movement wanted to highlight the importance of art traditionally done by women who were given less respect by other fine artists and to give them a platform to create. I want people to see crochet as more than just being done for utility without any artistic purpose and for it to not be dismissed by people who feel that it can\u27t and shouldn\u27t be fine art

Variability in arthropod community surveys: observations of ground-dwelling arthropods are dependent on methodological choices

Sampling approaches are commonly adapted to reflect the study objectives in biodiversity monitoring projects. This approach optimizes findings to be locally relevant but comes at the cost of generalizability of findings. Here, we detail a comparison study directly examining how researchers’ choice of arthropod trap and level of specimen identification affects observations made in small-scale arthropod biodiversity studies. Four arthropod traps (pitfall traps, yellow ramp traps, yellow sticky cards, and novel jar ramp traps) were compared with respect to an array of biodiversity metrics calculated at two levels of identification. The arthropod community captured varied by trap type. Pitfalls and jar ramp traps performed similarly for most biodiversity metrics measured, suggesting that jar ramp traps provide a more comparable measurement of ground-dwelling arthropod communities to pitfall sampling than the yellow ramp traps. Identification to the lowest practical taxonomic unit enabled greater insights, including the mobility of arthropods captured in each trap type. This study illustrates the implications for biodiversity sampling of arthropods in environments with physical constraints on trapping, the tradeoffs that come with choices made in experimental design, and the importance of directly comparing adapted methods to established sampling protocol. Future biodiversity monitoring schemes should conduct comparison experiments to provide important information on performance and potential limitations of sampling methodology

Grief, Grieving, and Permission to Mourn in the Quenta Silmarillion

Tolkien asserted on multiple occasions that death was a primary theme of his work, and there are over ninety deaths of named characters in the Quenta Silmarillion alone. In reading the Quenta Silmarillion as historiography, the universality and psychologically powerful experience of death, grief, and mourning allows the narrators of the Quenta Silmarillion to shape how readers perceive characters, events, and themes in the text. Assuming Pengolodh as the primary narrator, this paper investigates how Tolkien used a limited, flawed, and biased narrative point of view as a strategy to shape reader responses and theme. Characters who die in the Quenta Silmarillion vary in whether they are grieved and how they are mourned such that some characters are aggrandized and their negative deeds deemphasized, while others conspicuously lack any mention of grief or mourning, drawing attention to their negative actions and essentially dehumanizing them as people capable of being loved and grieved (or in some cases, capable of the normal human emotions of love and grief). The biased treatment of death by the Quenta Silmarillion narrator not only uses psychology to shape readers\u27 perceptions but stands as moral guideposts to the fictional audience of later ages in the legendarium and creates the sense of untold stories that Tolkien used to create the impression historical depth in his work

Full Issue for TGLE Vol. 57 Nos 3 & 4

Full Issue for TGLE Vol. 57 Nos 3 &

Fatal Attraction: Testing the Efficacy of Bee Attractants

This study tested the behavior of Northern Indiana’s bee populations using two common bee attractants. The aim was to determine which attractant drew the most bees to the wood pollinator boxes (beehives). Three hives were used as the control groups (left untreated), three were treated with Mason Bee Attractant Spray (lemongrass oil as active ingredient), and three were treated with Lemongrass Oil diluted to a 10% oil-to-water ratio. The boxes were attached to six foot metal poles placed in the ground. The poles were spaced roughly three feet apart from each other. The boxes were observed for a one month period. During this period, observations were conducted twice daily, excluding weekends, to track the number of bees constructing combs within the hive boxes. The data tracked over the month-long period was then analyzed. An ANOVA showed that there was no significant difference in bee preference between the treatments (p-value=0.723912). These results show that the bee boxes are attractive on their own, and there is no benefit to buying commercial attractants. This research was cut short due to facilities management on campus completely negligently removing all of the foliage from the test site. Once the foliage was removed, there were no bees observed

An Annotated List of the Checkered Beetles (Coleoptera: Cleridae) of Michigan

[Excerpt] The checkered beetles (Cleridae) have been included in local lists of Michigan Coleoptera by Andrews ( 1916, 192 1, 1929), Hatch (1924), Hubbard and Schwarz (1878). LeConte (1850), and Wolcott (1909). The present list is the first to include records from throughout the state, and is based on the collections of the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology (UMMZ), those of the Department of Entomology, Michigan State University (MSUC), and the private collections of E. F. Giesbert, D. K. Young, and the author. This list records 35 species of Cleridae from the state, and I believe it is essentially complete, although future collecting in the southern counties may well produce new records

The Mismeasure of Orcs: A Critical Reassessment of Tolkien’s Demonized Creatures (2025), by Robert T. Tally, Jr.

Book review, by Andrew Higgins, of The Mismeasure of Orcs: A Critical Reassessment of Tolkien’s Demonized Creatures (2025), by Robert T. Tally, Jr