The city, the railroad and the port: the modernization of the Tacna-Arica region in the guano era (1840-1879)

Esta investigación se centra en el análisis de las principales características socioeconómicas de la región de Tacna y Arica durante la era del guano, es decir, entre 1840 y 1879. En la historia peruana del siglo XIX, el guano desempeñó un papel importante, no solo en la economía del país, sino también en el desarrollo de diversos aspectos de la sociedad peruana. El dinero proveniente de las millones de toneladas de fertilizantes exportados permitió al Estado peruano, por ejemplo, llevar a cabo una serie de obras destinadas a transformar la infraestructura del país. Este desarrollo no solo se experimentó en Lima, sino también en el resto del país. A través del enfoque de la historia regional, esta tesis se distancia de las historias regionalistas, ya que busca demostrar que el contexto nacional impactó en el desarrollo socioeconómico de las regiones; pero, al mismo tiempo, la historia regional también cuestiona los argumentos nacionales, es decir, evalúa su veracidad a un nivel más regional. Por ejemplo, se cuestionará la premisa de que la era del guano fue una falsa prosperidad. Así, esta tesis argumenta que durante la era del guano (1840-1879), la región de Tacna y Arica experimentó un desarrollo social y material sin precedentes en su historia bajo el liderazgo de una clase social formada por los principales comerciantes nacionales y extranjeros. Además, esta élite comercial utilizó el discurso del progreso, propio de la época, para proteger, impulsar y promover los diversos proyectos sociales y de infraestructura que llevó a cabo.This research focuses on analyzing the main socioeconomic characteristics of the region of Tacna and Arica in the guano era, that is, between 1840 and 1879. In the Peruvian history of the 19th century, the guano played an important role, not only in the country's economy, but also in the development of different aspects of Peruvian society. The money from the millions of tons of fertilizer exported allowed the Peruvian State, for example, to carry out a series of constructions aimed at transforming the country's infrastructure. This development was not only experienced in Lima, but also in the rest of the country. Through the regional history approach, this thesis moves away from regionalist histories because it seeks to demonstrate that the national context has an impact on the socioeconomic development of the regions; but, at the same time, regional history also questions national arguments, that is, it evaluates their veracity at a more regional level. For example, the premise that the guano era was a false prosperity will be questioned. Thus, this thesis argues that during the guano era (1840-1879), the region of Tacna and Arica experienced a social and material development unprecedented in its history under the leadership of a social class formed by the main national and foreign merchants. In addition, this commercial elite used the discourse of progress -proper of the time- to protect, encourage and promote the different social and infrastructure projects they carried out.Diese Untersuchung konzentriert sich auf die Analyse der wichtigsten sozioökonomischen Merkmale der Region Tacna und Arica in der Guano-Ära zwischen 1840 und 1879. In der peruanischen Geschichte des 19. Jahrhunderts spielte der Guano nicht nur für die Wirtschaft des Landes, sondern auch für die Entwicklung verschiedener Aspekte der peruanischen Gesellschaft eine wichtige Rolle. Die Einnahmen aus den Millionen Tonnen exportierten Düngemittels ermöglichten es dem peruanischen Staat beispielsweise, eine Reihe von Bauvorhaben durchzuführen, um die Infrastruktur des Landes zu verbessern. Diese Entwicklung vollzog sich nicht nur in Lima, sondern auch im Rest des Landes. Durch den regionalspezifischen Ansatz entfernt sich diese Arbeit von der regionalen Geschichtsschreibung, da sie zu zeigen versucht, dass der nationale Kontext einen Einfluss auf die sozioökonomische Entwicklung der Regionen hat. Gleichzeitig stellt die Regionalgeschichte aber auch nationale Argumente in Frage. Sie bewertet deren Wahrheitsgehalt auf einer lokaleren Ebene. So wird beispielsweise die Prämisse, dass die Guano-Ära ein trügerischer Wohlstand war, infrage gestellt. Diese Arbeit vertritt die These, dass die Region Tacna und Arica während der Guano-Ära (1840-1879) unter der Führung einer sozialen Schicht, die sich aus den wichtigsten in- und ausländischen Kaufleuten zusammensetzte, eine in ihrer Geschichte beispiellose soziale und materielle Entwicklung erlebte. Darüber hinaus nutzte diese Handelselite den derzeitigen Fortschrittsdiskurs, um die verschiedenen von ihr durchgeführten sozialen und infrastrukturellen Projekte zu schützen, zu fördern und zu unterstützen

Dynamics of Surface Catalytic Reactions on TiO2

This thesis addresses the findings of two projects in the field of photocatalysis on TiO2 single crystal-based model catalysts under ultra-high vacuum (UHV) conditions. The first concerned the dynamics of the CO photo-oxidation to CO2 on rutile TiO2(110) measured by time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy at the free-electron laser (FEL) FLASH in Hamburg. For this pump-probe experiment, a laser of 770 nm served as an optical pump to initiate the reaction, and the third harmonic of the FEL with a photon energy of 643 eV probed the O 1s, Ti 2p, and C 1s core levels. The formation of CO2 by CO oxidation was observed within the first 800 ± 250 fs after the reaction was initiated. Calculations using density functional theory propose that the oxygen activation pathway for CO oxidation via an O2-TiO2 charge transfer complex can be directly excited by a 770 nm pump laser. During the reaction, residual traces of water in the UHV environment occupy CO adsorption sites, hindering further CO2 formation. Compared to the anatase-TiO2(101) surface, oxygen is activated via the same mechanism. Interestingly, CO2 is formed more quickly on rutile (110) and remains on the surface for a shorter time, which indicates a shorter lifetime of the charge carriers that initiate the reaction. These findings are important for the design of photocatalysts. The second project addresses the influence of the localized surface plasmon resonance of TiO2(110) supported Au nanoparticles (NPs) on the oxidation of CO. Gold NPs with diameters between 2 to 12 nm were grown via molecular beam epitaxy under UHV conditions on stoichiometric rutile TiO2(110) single crystal substrates. The samples were characterized via scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), and X-ray reflectivity (XRR). The oxidation of (preadsorbed) CO at 95 K under O2 atmosphere was monitored by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The oxidation was found to be fast and efficient on small 3 nm Au nanoparticles grown at room temperature, as 90 % of the CO molecules were converted into CO2 within 40 minutes. On larger nanoparticles grown at 500 °C with median diameters between 4.5 to 6 nm, the amount of pre-adsorbed CO was significantly lower due to the decrease in surface area in large particles. Further experiments under UV and 530 nm light illumination were carried out to excite the local surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), resulting in higher and faster CO to CO2 conversion rates compared to dark conditions. To increase the amount of preadsorbed CO, the TiO2 supported Au nanoparticles were overgrown with Pt. Nominal coverages above one monolayer Pt were found to enable room temperature CO adsorption. Room temperature CO oxidation on Pt-Au/TiO2 was then measured in a 1·10−6 mbar O2 atmosphere with 0.5 and 1 L preadsorbed CO. Under 530 nm and in dark conditions, CO oxidation was observed for 0.5 L, but not for 1 L CO. Coverages resulting from 1 L CO exposure block all adsorption sites, leading to the self-poisoning of the catalyst. When the Pt-Au/TiO2 sample is heated, Pt segregates into the subsurface due to its higher surface free energy compared to Au. The findings provide insight into the influence of preparation parameters on the (photo-) catalytic CO oxidation on Au/TiO2 and Pt-Au/TiO2 as preparation temperature and size. This project is followed up by a time-resolved CO oxidation experiment at the FEL FLASH, for which the insight into the influence of preparation parameters on the light-induced catalysis is of importance.Für diese Dissertation wurden zwei Projekte im Bereich der Photokatalyse an TiO2-Einkristall-Modellkatalysatoren durchgeführt. In dem ersten Projekt wurde die Dynamik der CO-Photooxidation zu CO2 auf Rutil-TiO2(110) mittels zeitaufgelöster Photoelektronenspektroskopie am Freie-Elektronen-Laser (FEL) FLASH in Hamburg untersucht. In diesem Pump-Probe-Experiment wurde die Reaktion mit einem 770-nm-Laser initiiert, während die dritte Harmonische des Freie-Elektronen-Lasers (FEL) mit einer Photonenenergie von 643 eV zur Anregung der O 1s-, Ti 2p- und C 1s-Kernniveaus diente. Die Bildung von CO2 durch CO-Oxidation wurde innerhalb der ersten 800 ±250 fs nach Reaktionsbeginn beobachtet. Berechnungen auf Basis der Dichtefunktionaltheorie legen nahe, dass der Sauerstoffaktivierungsweg für die CO-Oxidation über einen O2-TiO2-Ladungstransferkomplex direkt durch den 770-nm-Pumplaser angeregt wird. Während der Reaktion blockiert Wasser, das in Spuren in der UHV-Umgebung vorkommt, die CO-Adsorptionsstellen, was die weitere CO2-Bildung behindert. Genau wie bei der Anatas-TiO2(101) Oberfläche wird Sauerstoff durch den gleichen Mechanismus aktiviert. Interessant ist, dass CO2 auf Rutil (110) schneller gebildet wird und kürzer auf der Oberfläche verbleibt, was auf eine geringere Lebensdauer der Ladungsträger, die die Reaktion initiieren, hinweist. Das zweite Projekt untersucht den Einfluss der lokalisierten Oberflächenplasmonresonanz von TiO2(110)-geträgerten Au-Nanopartikeln auf die lichtinduzierte CO-Oxidation. Goldnanopartikel mit Durchmessern zwischen 2 und 12 nm wurden mittels Molekularstrahlepitaxie unter UHV-Bedingungen auf stöchiometrischen Rutil-TiO2(110) Einkristallsubstraten aufgewachsen. Die Proben wurden mittels Rastertunnelmikroskopie (STM), niederenergetischer Elektronenbeugung (LEED) und Röntgenreflektivität (XRR) charakterisiert. Die Oxidation von voradsorbiertem CO bei 95 K unter O2-Atmosphäre wurde mittels Röntgenphotoelektronenspektroskopie (XPS) verfolgt. Es zeigte sich, dass die Reaktion auf 3 nm großen Au-Nanopartikeln, die bei Raumtemperatur gewachsen wurden, besonders schnell und effizient verlief. Innerhalb von 40 Minuten wurden 90 % des CO in CO2 umgewandelt. Auf größeren Nanopartikeln mit mittleren Durchmessern von 4.5 bis 6 nm, die bei 500 °C gewachsen wurden, war die Menge des voradsorbierten CO aufgrund zunehmend bulk-ähnlicher Eigenschaften signifikant geringer. Experimente unter 530-nm-Licht zur Anregung der lokalen Oberflächenplasmonresonanz (LSPR) und unter UV-Licht zeigten eine schnellere Umwandlung von CO zu CO2 im Vergleich zu dunklen Bedingungen. Um die Menge des voradsorbierten CO zu erhöhen, wurden die auf TiO2-geträgerten Au-Nanopartikel mit Pt überwachsen. Eine nominale Bedeckung von mehr als einer Monolage Pt ermöglichte die CO-Adsorption bei Raumtemperatur. Die CO-Oxidation auf Pt-Au-TiO2 wurde bei Raumtemperatur unter O2-Atmosphäre mit 0.5 L und 1 L voradsorbiertem CO untersucht. Unter 530-nm-Bestrahlung sowie unter dunklen Bedingungen wurde eine CO-Oxidation für 0.5 L, jedoch nicht für 1 L CO beobachtet. Eine Bedeckung durch 1 L CO blockiert alle Adsorptionsstellen, was zu einer Inaktivierung des Katalysators führt. Beim Erhitzen der Pt-Au-TiO2-Probe segregieren Pt-Atome aufgrund der höheren freien Oberflächenenergie im Vergleich zu Au in die Nanopartikel und Au-Atome an die Oberfläche. Dieses Projekt wird durch ein zeitaufgelöstes CO-Oxidationsexperiment am Freie-Elektronen-Laser FLASH fortgeführt, bei dem das Verständnis des Einflusses von Präparationsparametern auf die lichtinduzierte Katalyse von entscheidender Bedeutung ist

Self-assembly and topological superconductivity in antiferromagnetic ultra-thin films studied by SP-STM

Antiferromagnetic (AFM) materials are a promising platform for new generations of ultra-fast, low energy, robust data storage and computing systems. Their combination with different substrate symmetries and properties leads to a plethora of interesting phenomena such as multi-Q states [1], [2], frustrated antiferromagnetism [3], [4] or topological nodal point superconductivity (TNPSC) [5], [6]. However, the atomic scale magnetic ordering makes their study challenging for most microscopic techniques. In this thesis I use the spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy (SP-STM)[7] technique to characterize the properties of AFM ultra-thin layers on substrates with different structural and superconducting properties. In the first part, the growth and magnetism of the phases in the first monolayer of Mn on Ir(111) are studied. In this system a cluster phase and reconstructed phase coexist in the sub-monolayer regime until the coverage reaches one monolayer, when the structure becomes pseudomorphic. The magnetic state of the reconstructed and pseudomorphic phases is the Néel state. In the second part, the growth, magnetism and superconductivity of Cr/Nb(110) is studied. The first layer of Cr grows pseudomorphically, the second one goes through several phases with increasing density, and the third one reaches the Cr bulk lattice constant. Regarding magnetism, just the first layer displays magnetic properties. Its magnetic ground state is the c(2 × 2) AFM state. Small strips of the first layer and the whole second layer do not develop magnetic properties such as in-gap states or magnetic order. The study of the first Cr layer on superconducting Nb(110) results in its characterization as a TNPSC

Fish fauna structure, feeding ecology and growth of keystone fish species in the Elbe and Odra estuaries

In the Elbe and Odra estuaries essential feeding grounds, nursery areas, spawning grounds and transitional habitats for several fish species are found. With climate change and human activities (e. g. channel management, waste water sewage and nutrient inputs) both estuaries have faced several anthropogenic stressors in the past and in the present. These stressors are likely to have an influence on estuarine ecosystems and their food webs. Keystone fish species play an important role in estuarine food webs. With this regard, in this thesis the feeding ecology and growth of keystone fish species in the Elbe and Odra estuaries were analysed. Additionally, in the Elbe estuary, the structure and stock development of the fish fauna, as well as fish health, were evaluated based on stow net catch data and tissue-specific stress responses of the holobiont. Analyses on feeding and growth of the four keystone fish species zander Sander lucioperca (Linnaeus, 1758), smelt Osmerus eperlanus (Linnaeus, 1758), ruffe Gymnocephalus cernua (Linnaeus, 1758) and flounder Platichthys flesus (Linnaeus, 1758) were carried out, as these species occur in high numbers throughout both estuaries and play key roles in the respective aquatic food webs. The food webs in estuarine ecosystems are important biological indicators, therefore the feeding ecology of the four keystone fish species was studied by stomach content analyses (chapter 2). The most important prey of zander in both estuaries were fish and mysids. For smelt amphipods were the most important prey in the Elbe estuary, whereas in the Odra estuary smelt mainly consumed mysids. The most important prey of ruffe in the Elbe estuary were also amphipods, while annelids (lower estuary) and insect larvae (upper estuary) were the dominant prey in the Odra estuary. In the Elbe estuary, flounder fed mainly on copepods, whereas in the Odra estuary they preferred bivalves. In the Elbe estuary higher dietary overlaps were found, particularly between smelt and ruffe, zander and ruffe, as well as zander and smelt. By comparing the present diets of zander, smelt and ruffe from the Elbe estuary with previous studies (1990s), it was noticeable that the consumption of amphipods increased, while mysids and copepods decreased in their diets. These shifts indicated a restructuring of the food web, likely driven by environmental changes, which highlights the vulnerability of estuarine ecosystems. In chapter 3 we aimed to analyse the growth patterns of the four keystone fish species to identify regional differences from both estuaries and to compare present findings with those from past studies. Age determination on hard structures (otoliths, scales, opercula) and length measurements were carried out. This allowed the determination of size ranges of the individual age groups, which were used to calculate the parameters of the von Bertalanffy growth function. The asymptotic lengths of smelt, ruffe, and flounder were larger in the Elbe estuary compared to the Odra estuary, whereas their growth coefficients were smaller in the Elbe. The growth of zander, smelt and ruffe from the Elbe. estuary were inferior compared to previous studies. The growth of juvenile zander in the Elbe estuary showed a noticeable reduction in the maximum turbidity zone located in the middle estuary. Slower growth at these sites appears to be linked to reduced fish prey intake, as juvenile zander relied more on invertebrates like amphipods, mysids, and decapods. Flounder from the Odra estuary showed smaller asymptotic length compared to other studies from the Baltic, but had a higher growth coefficient in contrast to studies from the Pomeranian Bay and Gulf of Gdańsk. Our findings indicate a connection between environmental changes and fish growth via changes in feeding behaviour, especially in the Elbe estuary. We created a periodic time series over the last four decades (1984-2022), combining fish species densities data from stow net catches alongside with environmental data in the Elbe estuary. In chapter 4, we showed that the fish fauna of the Elbe estuary has become more similar in guild structure to that of macrotidal estuaries in Europe, with a relative increase in marine-estuarine opportunists and a decrease in diadromous species. Due to an improvement of the water quality in the 1990s, fish densities, especially of smelt, increased until 2010. However, anthropogenic hydromorphological interventions, have led to an increase of suspended particular matter until 2022. Together with a reduced river runoff and poor oxygen condition, these factors acted as stressors for fishes in the estuary. In 2021-2022 mean fish densities dropped by over 91 % compared to 2009-2010. This decline was mainly driven by a reduction of the key species smelt, alongside decreases in twaite shad Alosa fallax (Lacepede, 1803), flounder, ruffe, common bream Abramis brama (Linnaeus, 1758), and other species. In contrast, densities of marine-estuarine opportunist species such as herring Clupea harengus Linnaeus, 1758 and whiting Merlangius merlangus (Linnaeus, 1758) increased. Overall, this time-series provided insights into the strong impact of human intervention in estuarine ecosystems. In chapter 5, we integrated tissue specific gene expression data from fish host (gill and liver RNAseq) and 16S rRNA metabarcoding of gill mucus microbiota with physiological and abiotic parameters to assess the health of juvenile zander along the Elbe estuary. Liver specific gene expression patterns in fish from highly turbid areas in the middle estuary indicated starvation, which aligned with the compromised body condition. The gill microbiome derived from the freshwater area with local occuring oxygen minimum zones was dominated by potentially pathogenic taxa, including Shewanella, Acinetobacter, Aeromonas and Chryseobacterium. Their presence was found alongside with strong immune responses in the host gill tissue and increased energy demand in the liver tissue, supporting a potentially pathogenic role. Together, these results demonstrate how physiological and microbiome responses in estuarine fish can reflect the cumulative impact of abiotic stressors, which are likely to intensify under ongoing climate change

Pathways Linking Socioeconomic Position and Malarial Infection and Healthcare-Seeking Behaviour for Suspected Malaria in Sub-Saharan Africa

Malaria remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, with an estimated 249 million infections and 608,000 deaths recorded in 2022 alone. Over 94% of these cases and deaths occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Despite progress in malaria prevention and control in SSA over the past two decades, socioeconomic disparities in malaria incidence and healthcare-seeking behaviour for febrile illnesses persist both at regional and national levels. This thesis is structured around three main components. First, a systematic review was conducted to examine the pathways linking poverty and malaria in SSA, focusing on studies that used mediation analysis, or reported changes in the coefficients of potential mediating variables in models adjusted for socioeconomic position (SEP) and mediators. The review appraised the mediation methods used and highlighted their strengths and limitations (Paper I). In Paper II, we used a regression-based counterfactual approach to mediation analysis in order to investigate the structural mechanisms driving socioeconomic disparities in P. falciparum infection, drawing on secondary data from two large cross-sectional studies conducted in the Southern region of Malawi during the dry and rainy seasons of 2014. This analysis presented the total natural direct effects (TNDEs) of SEP, the total natural indirect effects (TNIEs) through the mediator(s), and the proportion mediated (PM). In Paper III, we assessed the association between socioeconomic factors – SEP, maternal educational attainment and urban residence – and timely healthcare-seeking and diagnostic testing in children under five with febrile illness. A random-effects meta-analysis was conducted, using prevalence ratios (PRs) and standard errors from 16 nationally representative surveys conducted between 2018 and 2023. We also examined the mediating role of health facility type in the association between SEP and diagnostic testing. In the systematic review (Paper I), we identified mediators, such as improved food security, better housing quality, and previous antimalarial use, while factors such as secondary or higher education of maternal/household head, use of long-lasting insecticide treated nets (LLINs), better nutrition, and indoor residual spraying were suggested as potential protective mediators based on changes in coefficients. In paper II, using data from cross-sectional surveys conducted in Malawi, housing (TNIE, OR =0.54, 95%CI 0.49 – 0.63) and educational attainment of the household head (TNIE, OR = 0.73, 95%CI 0.67 – 0.81) were identified as mediators of the association between SEP and P. falciparum infection during the rainy season. During the dry season, housing (TNIE, OR = 0.63, 95%CI 0.59 – 0.64), educational attainment (TNIE, OR = 0.70, 95%CI 0.62 – 0.71) and LLIN use (TNIE, OR = 0.88, 95%CI 0.85 – 0.94) were important mediators. In Paper III, the results of the meta-analysis revealed that only 58.3% of febrile children received timely healthcare, and 38.2% underwent diagnostic testing. Higher SEP was associated with timely healthcare-seeking (PR = 1.18, 95%CI 1.11 – 1.25) and diagnostic testing (PR = 1.15, 95%CI 1.03 – 1.28). Higher maternal education was associated with timely healthcare-seeking in countries with malaria incidence ≥ 300 per 1,000 persons (PR = 1.11, 95%CI 1.01 – 1.23). Urban residence did not play a role in healthcare-seeking and diagnostic testing. The type of healthcare attended mediated the effect of SEP on diagnostic testing, with hospital visits (versus primary care) being associated with a higher likelihood of receiving diagnostic testing in 14 of 15 surveys. The findings presented clearly show that the socioeconomic situation of a population is significantly associated with malaria risk, with evidence on the mediating factors being particularly useful in guiding policy and programs on where to focus their efforts. Key priorities should include improving housing conditions, enhancing education or malaria prevention awareness and training, in combination with ensuring widespread distribution and correct use of LLINs to reduce malaria infection rates. Additionally, the socioeconomic inequalities in healthcare-seeking behaviours highlight the need for targeted efforts to mitigate barriers to healthcare access, such as providing subsidies to families with low SEP. Finally, improving diagnostic supplies and the quality of primary care services can significantly improve diagnostic testing and timely appropriate care for children with febrile illnesses

Musculoskeletal disorders, work-related mental stress and consumption behavior of legal and illegal substances of professional dance teachers

Tanzpädagog*innen (TP) übernehmen eine tragende Rolle bei der Vermittlung von tanzspezifischen Bewegungsmustern. Im Berufsalltag sind sie sowohl psychosozialen als auch physischen Belastungen ausgesetzt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde der selbstwahrgenommene Gesundheitszustand und die Berufszufriedenheit mit weiteren psychosozialen Faktoren, das Auftreten von muskuloskelettalen Beschwerden und das Konsumverhalten legaler und illegaler Substanzen aus Daten einer retrospektiven Querschnittserhebung von 241 TP im deutschsprachigen Raum untersucht und im Rahmen von einzelnen Artikeln veröffentlicht. TP zeigten eine hohe Berufszufriedenheit, eine subjektive Wahrnehmung hoher eigener Gesundheit sowie positive Zuversicht für spezifische psychosoziale Berufsfaktoren. Als psychisch belastend wurden vor allem sozioökonomische Faktoren wie die Einkommens- und Altersabsicherung genannt. Chronisch muskuloskelettale Beschwerden traten mit einer 12-Monatsprävalenz von 61 % ebenso häufig wie in der Normalbevölkerung auf und konzentrierten sich auf die untere Extremität sowie den unteren Rücken. Mit 2,6 Beschwerden pro TP und Jahr sowie 3,7 Beschwerden pro 1000 Unterrichtsstunden sollte der Ätiologie, dem Umgang und der Prävention arbeitsbezogener Beschwerden zukünftig mehr Interesse gewidmet werden. Hierfür bedarf es prospektiver Studien mit objektiverer Erhebung von Beschwerden. Zudem fehlt bisweilen eine einheitliche und genaue Erfassung der physischen Belastungen während der Körperarbeit im Unterrichtsgeschehen, um Aussagen über eine protektive oder risikobehaftete Wirkung auf die Gesundheit zu ermöglichen. In diesem Zusammenhang wären ebenso Untersuchungen wünschenswert, die psychische und physische Belastungen mit dem Beschwerdeauftreten in Verbindung bringen und daraus präventive Interventionsstrategien ableiten. Der tägliche Konsum von Zigaretten und die monatliche Einnahme von Alkohol und/oder Schmerzmitteln erfolgte jeweils von etwa 20 % der TP. Der Konsum von psychoaktiven Substanzen beschränkte sich weitestgehend auf Cannabis und Marihuana. Insgesamt ist kein gravierendes Gesundheitsrisiko für die Zielpopulation durch dieses Verhalten zu erwarten. Aufgrund der teils schädlichen Substanzwirkungen und im Sinne der Vorbildfunktion als Lehrkraft sollten diese Verhaltensweisen jedoch weiterhin reflektiert und auf ein Minimum verringert werden. Bewältigungsstrategien von TP sollten wissenschaftlich untersucht und Implikationen für die Praxis getroffen werden.Dance teachers (DT) play a key role in teaching dance-specific movement patterns. In their daily work, they are exposed to psychosocial as well as physical loads. In the present study, the self-perceived state of health and job satisfaction with other psychosocial factors, the occurrence of musculoskeletal disorders and the consumption behaviour of legal and illegal substances were examined from data from a retrospective cross-sectional survey of 241 DT in German-speaking countries and published in separate articles. DTs showed a high level of job satisfaction, a subjective perception of high personal health and positive confidence for specific psychosocial job factors. Socioeconomic factors such as income security and old-age provision were named as psychologically stressful. With a 12-month prevalence of 61 %, chronic musculoskeletal disorders occurred just as frequently as in the normal population and were concentrated in the lower extremities and lower back. With 2.6 disorders per dance teacher and year and 3.7 disorders per 1000 teaching hours, more interest should be paid in future to the aetiology, dealing with and prevention of work-related disorders. This requires prospective studies with a more objective assessment of disorders. In addition, there is sometimes a lack of standardised and precise recording of physical stress during physical work in the classroom to enable statements to be made about a protective or risky effect on health. In this context, studies that link psychological and physical stress to the occurrence of disorders and derive preventive intervention strategies from this would also be desirable. The daily consumption of cigarettes and the monthly intake of alcohol and/or analgesics were each reported by around 20 % of DT. The consumption of psychoactive substances was largely limited to cannabis and marijuana. Overall, this behaviour is not expected to pose a serious health risk to the target population. However, due to the partly harmful effects of substances and in terms of the role model function as a teacher, these behaviours should be further reflected and reduced to a minimum. Coping strategies for DT should be scientifically investigated and implications for practice should be drawn

Testentwicklung zum Monitoring der Schluckfunktion bei Säuglingen und Kleinkindern mit Spinaler Muskelatrophie

Die Einführung neuer medikamentöser Therapien hat den Krankheitsverlauf der Spinalen Muskelatrophie (SMA) erheblich verbessert. Erste Studien deuten jedoch darauf hin, dass trotz Therapie eine Verschlechterung der Schluckfunktion bei Kindern mit SMA möglich ist, was ein regelmäßiges Monitoring erfordert. Bisher konnte kein bestehendes Diagnostikinstrument die Anforderungen eines standardisierten und für regelmäßiges Monitoring geeigneten Messinstruments vollständig erfüllen. Daher wurde das Diagnostikinstrument DySMA (Dysphagia in Children with Spinal Muscular Atrophy) entwickelt. Dieses soll ohne zusätzliche Hilfsmittel und in kurzer Zeit in der klinischen Routine anwendbar sein und die physiologische Schluckentwicklung abbilden. Der Schwerpunkt der vorliegenden Arbeit liegt insbesondere auf der Darstellung der physiologischen Schluckentwicklung im DySMA. Auf Grundlage eines Scoping Reviews zur physiologischen Schluckentwicklung im Alter von 0 bis 24 Monaten wurden spezifische Items erarbeitet und in den DySMA integriert. Ein weiteres Ziel der Arbeit war die Generierung von Normdaten für gesunde Säuglinge und Kleinkinder im Alter von 0 bis 24 Monaten, um eine Vergleichbarkeit zwischen gesunden Kindern und Kindern mit SMA zu ermöglichen. Die Ergebnisse der Studie verdeutlichen, dass der DySMA eine präzise Abbildung der physiologischen Schluckentwicklung ermöglicht. Ein höherer Gesamtscore deutet darauf hin, dass die Kinder über mehr Fähigkeiten verfügen, während ein niedrigerer Score geringere Fähigkeiten anzeigt. Der Gesamtscore variiert abhängig vom Alter der Kinder. Die erhobenen Normdaten dienen als Referenzwerte, um die Vergleichbarkeit zwischen gesunden Kindern und Kindern mit SMA sicherzustellen. Auf diese Weise trägt der DySMA wesentlich zur Verbesserung der diagnostischen Genauigkeit bei und ermöglicht eine frühzeitige und gezielte Intervention bei Kindern mit SMA.The introduction of new drug therapies has significantly improved the course of Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA). However, initial studies indicate that despite therapy, deterioration in swallowing function in children with SMA is possible, making regular monitoring essential. To date, no existing diagnostic instrument has fully met the standards required for a standardized tool suitable for regular monitoring. Therefore, a new diagnostic instrument, the DySMA (Dysphagia in Children with Spinal Muscular Atrophy), has been developed. This test is designed to be implemented in clinical practice without additional tools and within a short time frame, while also enabling an accurate depiction of physiological swallowing development. The focus of this dissertation is particularly on illustrating the physiological swallowing development within the DySMA. Based on a scoping review of physiological swallowing development in children aged 0 to 24 months, specific items were developed and incorporated into the DySMA. Another goal of this work was to generate normative data from healthy infants and toddlers aged 0 to 24 months to enable comparability between healthy children and children with SMA. The study results demonstrate that the DySMA allows for an accurate representation of physiological swallowing development. A higher overall score indicates that children have more skills, while a lower score suggests fewer abilities. The overall score is dependent on the age of the children. The collected normative data serve as reference values to ensure comparability between healthy children and children with SMA. In this way, the DySMA significantly contributes to improving diagnostic accuracy, enabling early and targeted intervention for children with SMA