Primjena principa razvoja softvera temeljem testova

Testiranje softvera ključno je za osiguravanje održivosti, ispravnosti i pouzdanosti sustava. Kroz pravilno implementirane testove mogu se identificirati i otkloniti potencijalne pogreške u ranoj fazi razvoja, čime se smanjuju troškovi održavanja i poboljšava kvaliteta konačnog rješenja. Prednosti testiranja su višestruke – od osiguravanja stabilnosti sustava, preko povećanja povjerenja u ispravnost koda, do omogućavanja sigurnih nadogradnji bez narušavanja postojećih funkcionalnosti. Korektnim i dosljednim testiranjem moguće je postići visoku razinu sigurnosti u rad sustava, a time i unaprijediti cjelokupni proces razvoja. Kako bi testiranje bilo učinkovito, važno je osigurati da svi potrebni testovi budu prisutni i pravilno napisani. U tom kontekstu, pristup testom vodenog razvoja predstavlja dobru praksu koja omogućava sustavan način rada u kojem se testovi pišu prije same implementacije funkcionalnosti. Na taj način ne samo da se osigurava pokrivenost koda testovima, već se i potiče razvoj modularnog, čitljivog i održivog softvera. Praktična primjena testom vodenog razvoja ilustrirana je na modulu Inovacije unutar Informacijskog sustava znanosti Republike Hrvatske (CroRIS). Metodologija se provodi kroz jasno definirane korake razvoja, koji osiguravaju visoku pokrivenost testovima i kvalitetan softverski kod.Software testing is crucial for ensuring the sustainability, correctness, and reliability of a system. Through properly implemented tests, potential errors can be identified and fixed in the early stages of development, thus reducing maintenance costs and improving the quality of the final solution. The benefits of testing are numerous – from ensuring system stability, to increasing confidence in the correctness of the code, and enabling safe updates without disrupting existing functionalities. Correct and consistent testing makes it possible to achieve a high level of security in system operation, thereby improving the overall development process. For testing to be effective, it is important to ensure that all necessary tests are present and correctly written. In this context, the Test-Driven Development (TDD) approach represents a good practice that enables a systematic workflow in which tests are written before the actual implementation of functionality. This way not only is code coverage ensured by tests, but it also promotes the development of modular, readable, and maintainable software. The practical application of test-driven development is illustrated in the Innovation module within the Croatian Research Information System (CroRIS). The methodology is implemented through clearly defined development steps, ensuring high test coverage and high-quality software code

Numerical methods for text analysis

U današnje doba, dostupne su nam velike količine podataka tako da možemo reći da su podaci svuda oko nas. Podaci su postali jedan od glavnih orijentira u mnogim područjima, od znanstvenih istraživanja do svakodnevnog poslovanja. Postoje različite vrste podataka, no svi podaci na kraju imaju zajedničko to da ih je najlakše analizirati ako ih imamo u brojčanom obliku. U ovom radu bavit ćemo se tekstualnim oblikom podataka koji je često nestrukturiran što može otežati izdvajanje korisnih informacija. Naglasak u radu je na razvoju i primjeni numeričkih metoda u kojima tražimo prikladne matrične faktorizacije. Početni korak je pripremiti podatke, odnosno napraviti pretvorbu teksta u matričnu formu jer će nam takav pristup omogućiti lakšu obradu i analizu. U našem slučaju imat ćemo dostupnu kolekciju dokumenata gdje stupcem želimo reprezentirati dokument, a retkom korištene riječi. Rad istražuje primjenu različitih metoda matričnih fatkorizacija poput Latent Semantic Indexing (LSI), klasteriranja, nenegativne matrične faktorizacije i LGK bidijagonalizacije. Jedan od ciljeva rada je razviti efikasne tehnike za ekstrakciju i klasifikaciju informacija što može značajno unaprijediti pretraživanje informacija. Rad je podijeljen u tri ključna dijela: najprije obrađujemo osnovne rezultate vezane za rad s matricama i vektorskim prostorima, zatim obrađujemo numeričke metode, te na kraju vršimo usporedbu tih metoda kako bi se procijenila njihova učinkovitost. Sadržaj rada oslanja se na djelo Fundamentals of Algorithms: Matrix Methods in Data Mining and Pattern Recognition, 2019..In today's era, we have access to vast amounts of data, so we can say that data is all around us. Data has become one of the main reference points in many fields, from scientific research to everyday business operations. There are different types of data, but ultimately, all data shares the common characteristic that it is easiest to analyze when in numerical form. In this paper, we will focus on the textual form of data, which is often unstructured, making it more difficult to extract useful information. The emphasis of this work is on the development and application of numerical methods in which we seek suitable matrix factorizations. The initial step is to prepare the data, i.e., to transform text into a matrix format, as this approach will enable easier processing and analysis. In our case, we will have a collection of documents where we aim to represent each document as a column and each used word as a row. The paper explores the application of various matrix factorization methods such as Latent Semantic Indexing (LSI), clustering, Non-Negative Matrix Factorization (NMF), and LGK bidiagonalization. One of the objectives of this study is to develop efficient techniques for information extraction and classification, which can significantly enhance information retrieval. The work is divided into three key sections: first, we cover fundamental results related to working with matrices and vector spaces; next, we discuss numerical methods; and finally, we compare these methods to assess their effectiveness. The content of this paper is based on the book Fundamentals of Algorithms: Matrix Methods in Data Mining and Pattern Recognition, 2019

Eulerian Numbers

Za prirodni broj $i$ kažemo da je pad u permutaciji $p=p_{1}p_{2}\ldots p_{n}\in S_{n}$ ako vrijedi $p_{i}>p_{i+1}.$ Eulerov broj $\left\langle n\atop k \right\rangle$ označava broj permutacija stupnja $n$ s točko $k$ padova. U radu prvo objašnjavamo matematičke principe poput prebrojavanja, permutacija i binomnih koeficijenata kako bismo osigurali podlogu za razumijevanje nastavka rada. Eulerove brojeve definiramo kroz koncept padova u permutacijama, što omogućuje istraživanje njihovih osnovnih svojstava i različitih identiteta koje zadovoljavaju. Posebno su naglašene rekurzivne metode za računanje Eulerovih brojeva, kao i eksplicitne formule. Istražena je i veza između Eulerovih i Stirlingovih brojeva druge vrste, gdje su navedene formule za njihov međusobni odnos. Nakon toga su definirane funkcije izvodnice čiji su članovi Eulerovi brojevi, a u posebnom se dijelu analizira niz Eulerovih brojeva te dokazuje svojstvo log-konkavnosti. Na kraju rada uvodimo koncept Eulerovih brojeva druge vrste i iskazujemo neka njihova osnovna svojstva, kao i eksplicitnu formulu za njihovo računanje.We say that a positive integer $i$ is a descent of the permutation $p=p_{1}p_{2}\ldots p_{n}\in S_{n}$ if $p_{i}>p_{i+1}$ holds. Eulerian number $\left\langle n\atop k \right\rangle$ denotes the number of $n$-permutations with exactly $k$ descents. The paper begins by explaining basic mathematical principles such as counting, permutations, and binomial coefficients, providing the groundwork for understanding the remainder of the study. Eulerian numbers are defined through the concept of descents in permutations, enabling the exploration of their fundamental properties and various identities they satisfy. Recursive methods for calculating Eulerian numbers, as well as explicit formulas, are emphasized. The relationship between Eulerian numbers and Stirling numbers of the second kind is also examined, with formulas provided for their interconnection. Generating functions whose terms are Eulerian numbers are then defined, and log-concavity of Eulerian numbers is proved. Finally, the concept of second order Eulerian numbers is introduced, outlining their basic properties and presenting an explicit formula for their computation

The role of estrogen and estrogen receptors in the metastatic potential of head and neck tumors

Muškarci imaju dva do četiri puta veći rizik od razvijanja tumora glave i vrata (TGV) od žena, neovisno o etiološkom agensu. Stoga se smatra da izloženost estrogenu ženama pruža zaštitu od nastanka i metastaziranja TGV. Estrogeni svoju funkciju ostvaruju vezanjem za receptore estrogena, koji se mogu podijeliti na jezgrene (ERα i ERβ) i membranske receptore estrogena (GPER1 i NaV1.2). Vezanjem estrogena dolazi do aktivacije transkripcije određenih gena i/ili signalnih kaskada, koje naposlijetku utječu na gensku ekspresiju. Metodom RT-qPCR određen je ekspresijski profil gena za receptore estrogena u uzorcima zdrave sluznice usne šupljine, primarnih tumora i metastatskih limfnih čvorova te u staničnoj liniji Detroit 562 nakon tretmana 17β-estradiolom. Pomoću testa zacjeljivanja rana provjerena je migracijska sposobnost stanica nakon tretmana 17β-estradiolom i tamoksifenom. Rezultati su pokazali da bi ERα i ERβ mogli imati ulogu u razvoju TGV, ali da tamoksifen vjerojatno nije pogodan oblik liječenja TGV.Men are at a two- to fourfold higher risk of developing head and neck cancers (HNC) than women, regardless of aetiological agent. Therefore, estrogen is considered to provide protection from HNC development and metastasis in women. Estrogens exert their function by binding to estrogen receptors, which can be divided into nuclear (ERα and ERβ) and membrane estrogen receptors (GPER1 and NaV1.2). Estrogen binding activates the transcription of certain genes and/or signaling cascades, which ultimately regulate gene expression. RT-qPCR was used to determine the expression profile of estrogen receptor genes in healthy mucosa, primary tumor and metastatic lymph node samples as well as the cell line Detroit 562 after 17β-estradiol treatment. The wound healing assay was used to study cell migration after 17β-estradiol and tamoxifen treatment. Results showed that ERα and ERβ might be involved in HNC development, but tamoxifen probably isn't a suitable treatment option for HNC

Protection of endangered species of freshwater fish of Croatia within Natura 2000 ecological network

Cilj ovog istraţivanja bio je uvidjeti uĉestalost odreĊenog stupnja ugroţenosti slatkovodnih riba na odreĊenom Natura 2000 podruĉju Hrvatske i odrediti koje se mjere primjenjuju za pojedinu ciljnu vrstu u okviru Natura 2000 ekološke mreţe. Istraţivanje je pokazalo da se na 60 razliĉitih stanišnih tipova koji su dio ekološke mreţe Natura 2000 nalazi 35 vrsta slatkovodnih riba koje su takoĊer na Crvenom popisu ugroţenih vrsta. Prema rezultatima analize vidljivo je kako se vrste ĉešće javljaju na nekim podruĉjima poput Delte Neretve i Srednjeg toka Drave, dok se na biološki specifiĉnim podruĉjima (primjerice solane) ne javljaju toliko ĉesto. S obzirom na zabiljeţenost pojedine ciljne vrste na odreĊenom podruĉju ne moţe se reći da nuţno vrstama bogatije podruĉje ima više vrsta koje su više kategorije ugroţenosti prema IUCN-u. Javne ustanove koje su nadleţne za upravljanje nad zaštićenim podruĉjima donose javno dostupni Plan upravljanja kojime se odreĊuju aktivne mjere zaštite ugroţenih vrsta. Većina Javnih ustanova prema do sada donesenim Planovima upravljanja provode sve preporuĉene mjere zaštite, neke provode dio, dok su neke uvele dodatne mjere zaštite. Analizom je dokazano da broj aktivnih mjera zaštite nije u korelaciji s brojem ugroţenih vrsta na odreĊenom Natura 2000 zaštićenom podruĉju.The aim of this study was to see the frequency of a certain degree of endangerment of freshwater fish in a certain Natura 2000 area of Croatia and to determine which measures are applied to a particular target species within the Natura 2000 ecological network. Research has shown that there are 35 species of freshwater fish that are also on the Red List of Endangered Species on 60 different habitat types that are part of the Natura 2000 ecological network. According to the results of the analysis, it is evident that species occur more frequently in some areas such as the Delta Neretva and the Middle Stream of the Drava, while in biologically specific areas ( examples of solana) do not occur so often. Given the recording of an individual target species in a given area, it cannot be said that necessarily the species of the richer area has several species that are higher categories of vulnerability according to IUCN. Public institutions responsible for the management of protected areas shall adopt a publicly available Management Plan setting out active measures for the protection of endangered species. Most Public Institutions, according to the management plans adopted so far, implement all recommended protection measures, some implement part, while some have introduced additional protection measures. The analysis showed that the number of active protection measures does not correlate with the number of endangered species on a particular Natura 2000 protected area

Synthesis of a diamide derivative of a disubstituted ferrocene with desmuramyl-peptide and mannose subunit

U sklopu ovog diplomskog rada razvijen je sintetski put priprave amidnih, disupstituiranih ferocenskih derivata s desmuramil-peptidnom (DMP) i manoznom podjedinicom. Derivati se međusobno razlikuju u broju metilenskih skupina (n = 0-4) na poveznici između ferocenskog i šećernog dijela molekule. U ovom je radu pripravljena ciljna molekula 11, s poveznicom od četiri metilenske skupine i to vezanjem sljedećih strukturnih motiva: O-benzil zaštićene manoze s glikolnom poveznicom, ferocenkarboksilne kiseline koja je esterificirana, a potom i modificirana anhidridom glutarne kiseline u disusptituiranu ferocensku kiselinu 6, te benzilom zaštićenog derivata DMP-a 7. Amidne veze su ostvarene pomoću pouzdane i uhodane EDC/HOBt metode koja se često koristi u tu svrhu u peptidnoj kemiji. Sintetski put priprave ciljne molekule završava korakom uklanjanja benzilne zaštite hidrogenolizom. Provedena je detaljna strukturna karakterizacija svih sintetiziranih prekursora i konačnog spoja (1H, DEPTQ NMR i IR spektroskopija, spektrometrija masa ESI-MS). Ovako optimizirana metoda poslužit će za sintezu preostalih spojeva ove serije u budućim istraživanjima čiji je konačni cilj ispitivanje njihove adjuvantske aktivnosti.In this Thesis the synthetic route for the preparation of amide, disubstituted ferrocene derivatives with desmuramyl peptide (DMP) and mannose subunit was optimized. The structures of final compounds vary in the number of methylene groups (n = 0-4) between the ferrocene and the sugar part of the molecule. Target molecule 11, which has four methylene groups, was prepared in this work by combining following structural motifs: O-benzyl protected mannose with glycolic linker, ferrocene carboxylic acid which was converted to ester first and subsequently modified with glutaric anhydride to disubstituted ferrocene acid 6, and benzyl protected DMP derivative 7. Amide bonds are formed by reliable and wellestablished EDC/HOBt method which is often used in peptide synthesis for this purpose. The synthetic route to target molecule ends with benzyl protection removal by hydrogenolysis. Structural characterization of all precursors as well as target compound was performed by 1H, DEPTQ NMR and IR spectroscopies as well as mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Optimized synthetic route presented here will serve for the preparation of remaining compounds in this series. The final aim is the evaluation of their adjuvant activity

The role of reactive oxygen species in response of potato (Solanum tuberosum) to infection with potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd)

Reaktivni kisikovi oblici (ROS) i salicilna kiselina (SA) igraju važnu ulogu u obrambenom odgovoru biljaka na patogene. U ovom radu istražena je uloga ROS-ova i SA u interakciji biljaka krumpira (Solanum tuberosum) i viroida vretenastog gomolja krumpira (PSTVd). Kvantificiran je sadržaj vodikovog peroksida (H2O2) u listovima biljaka inokuliranih viroidom PSTVd i kontrolnih biljaka linije divljeg tipa i transgenične linije NahG, te je određen učinak infekcije na akumulaciju H2O2 u različitim vremenskim točkama nakon inokulacije. Istovremeno je analizirana ekspresija gena uključenih u signalne puteve ROS-ova, uključujući gene za odabrane katalaze, peroksidaze i proteinske kinaze aktivirane mitogenima (MAPK). Nadalje, uloga SA u interakciji krumpir-PSTVd istražena je praćenjem učinka egzogenog tretmana s njenim sintetskim analogom, 2,6- dikloroizonikotinskom kiselinom (INA), na akumulaciju H2O2 i promjene u ekspresiji gena povezanih s antioksidacijskim odgovorom reguliranim SA-om. Rezultati ukazuju da odgovor krumpira na infekciju viroidom PSTVd uključuje akumulaciju H2O2 i pokretanje antioksidacijskog odgovora reguliranog SA-om koji dovodi do transkripcijske aktivacije peroksidaza i kinaza MAPK. Opažen je pozitivan učinak tretmana s INA-om na imuni odgovor krumpira, posebice u liniji NahG. Saznanja dobivena ovim istraživanjem pridonose boljem razumijevanju molekularnih mehanizama uključenih u interakciju biljaka i viroida.Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and salicylic acid (SA) play a key role in plants' defense response against pathogens. Herein, the role of ROS and SA in the interaction between potato (Solanum tuberosum) plants and potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) was investigated. The hydrogen peroxide content (H2O2) in leaves of control and PSTVd-inoculated wild-type and transgenic NahG plants was quantified at different time points after inoculation, and the effect of infection on H2O2 accumulation was determined. Simultaneously, the expression of genes involved in ROS signaling pathways, including catalase, peroxidases and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), was analyzed. Furthermore, the role of SA in the potato-PSTVd interaction was investigated by monitoring the effect of exogenous treatment with 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA), a synthetic analog of SA, on H2O2 accumulation and changes in the expression of genes associated with SAregulated antioxidant response. The results indicate that the response of potato plants to PSTVd infection involves accumulation of H2O2 and the activation of SA-regulated antioxidant responses, leading to transcriptional activation of peroxidases and MAPK. A positive effect of INA treatment on potato immunity, particularly in NahG lines was observed. The findings from this study contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying plant-pathogen interactions

The effect of silver nanoparticles and ions on oxidative stress and gene expression related to auxin transport and metal removal in Arabidopsis thaliana

Zbog svojih učinkovitih antimikrobnih svojstava, nanočestice srebra (AgNP) jedne su od najčešće korištenih nanomaterijala, posebice u agronomiji i biomedicini. Mnoga istraživanja utvrdila su da zbog svoje visoke reaktivnosti mogu biti toksične za okoliš i biljne organizme koji su im indirektno izloženi. U ovom diplomskom radu istražen je utjecaj AgNP stabiliziranih polivinilpirolidonom (AgNP-PVP) i ionskog srebra u obliku srebrova nitrata (AgNO3) u uročnjaku (Arabidopsis thaliana L.). Klijanci uročnjaka bili su izloženi tretmanima AgNP-PVP i AgNO3 u koncentraciji od 100 μM u trajanju od 3, 7 i 11 dana. Rezultati parametara oksidacijskog stresa pokazali su da oba tretmana uzrokuju povećanje sadržaja vodikovog peroksida i malondialdehida koji je marker lipidne peroksidacije. Mjerenja aktivnosti antioksidacijskih enzima pokazala su povećanu aktivnost pirogalol i askorbat peroksidaze nakon 7 i 11 dana izlaganja AgNP-PVP i 11 dana izlaganja AgNO3, a aktivnost katalaze bila je povećana nakon 11 dana izlaganja AgNO3. Analiza ekspresije gena koji kodiraju transportere fitohormona auksina pokazala je da su tretmani uzrokovali diferencijalnu ekspresiju gena AUX1, LAX3 i PIN1. Također, pokazano je da oba tretmana uzrokuju povećanu ekspresiju gena za metalotionein MT1A. Dobiveni rezultati ukazuju da je u uročnjaku došlo do pojave oksidacijskog stresa i posljedične lipidne peroksidacije, da je došlo do promjene u transportu auksina te da je biljka povećala ekspresiju gena MT1A kako bi poboljšala uklanjanje toksičnog srebra iz organizma.Due to their effective antimicrobial properties, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are one of the most commonly used nanomaterials, especially in agronomy and biomedicine. Many studies have shown that they can be toxic to the environment and to plant organisms indirectly exposed to them due to their high reactivity. In this work, the effect of AgNPs stabilized with polyvinylpyrrolidone (AgNP-PVP) and ionic silver in the form of silver nitrate (AgNO3) was investigated in Arabidopsis thaliana. Seedlings of A. thaliana were exposed to AgNP-PVP and AgNO3 treatments at a concentration of 100 μM for 3, 7 and 11 days. The results of oxidative stress parameters showed that both treatments cause an increase in hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde content, which is a marker for lipid peroxidation. Measurements of antioxidant enzyme activity showed increased pyrogallol and ascorbate peroxidase activity after 7 and 11 days of AgNP-PVP exposure and 11 days of AgNO3 exposure, and catalase activity was increased after 11 days of AgNO3 exposure. Analysis of gene expression encoding transporters of the phytohormone auxin showed that the treatments caused differential expression of the AUX1, LAX3 and PIN1 genes. In addition, both treatments were shown to cause increased expression of the metallothionein MT1A gene. The obtained results indicate that oxidative stress and consequent lipid peroxidation occurred in A. thaliana, that auxin transport was altered and that the plant increased the expression of the MT1A gene to improve the removal of toxic silver from the organism

Investigation of Citrus leaf blotch virus (CLBV) as a potential causal agent of orange fruit creasing

Virus pjegavosti lista citrusa (eng. Citrus leaf blotch virus, CLBV) je (+)RNA-virus filamentozne građe sa širokim krugom biljnih domaćina. Početkom 2023. g. analizom viroma naboranih plodova slatke naranče (Citrus sinensis 'Washington Navel') prvi puta je u Hrvatskoj zabilježen CLBV, zajedno s viroidom patuljavosti citrusa (eng. Citrus dwarfing viroid, CDVd). Iz uzoraka simptomatičnog i okolnih asimptomatičnih stabala naranče provedena je ekstrakcija ukupnih nukleinskih kiselina metodom CTAB (eng. cetyltrimethylammonium bromide) radi potvrde prisutnosti virusa. CLBV je dokazan putem reverzne transkripcije i lančane reakcije polimeraze (RT-PCR) te Sangerovim sekvenciranjem amplikona. Time su potvrđeni rezultati metagenomske analize za CLBV. U potrazi za metodom koja bi osigurala transport biljnog materijala na velike udaljenosti bez hlađenja, otiskivanje biljnog tkiva na FTA® (Flinders Technology Associates) -kartice pokazalo se brzim i jednostavnim rješenjem. Otisci kolumele iz ploda naranče te reakcijski volumen od 30 μL za RT-PCR s obrađenim isječcima FTA-kartica polučili su najbolje rezultate. Budući da je u simptomatičnom stablu potvrđen CLBV i CDVd, a u asimptomatičnim stablima samo CDVd, infekciju ovim virusom, ili međudjelovanje virusa i viroida, trebalo bi istražiti kao čimbenike u razvoju bolesti naboranih plodova citrusa.Citrus leaf blotch virus (CLBV) is a filamentous (+)RNA virus with a wide range of plant hosts. In early 2023, CLBV was first recorded in Croatia, along with Citrus dwarfing viroid (CDVd), through analysis of the virome of creased sweet orange fruits (Citrus sinensis 'Washington Navel'). Total nucleic acid extraction was performed from samples of symptomatic and surrounding asymptomatic orange trees using the CTAB (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide) method to confirm the presence of the CLBV. Reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Sanger sequencing of the amplicon confirmed the results of the metagenomic analysis for CLBV. In the search for a method that would ensure the transport of plant material over long distances without refrigeration, printing plant tissue onto FTA® (Flinders Technology Associates) -cards proved to be a quick and simple solution. Columella prints from orange fruit and a reaction volume of 30 μL for RT-PCR with FTA-card sections yielded the best results. Since CLBV and CDVd were confirmed in the samples from the symptomatic tree, and only CDVd in the asymptomatic trees, infection with this virus, or the interaction of the virus and the viroid, should be investigated as factors in the development of citrus creased disease

Petrographic and sedimentological characteristics of gravel on artificial Ploče beach (Rijeka)

Provedeno je istraživanje petrografskih i sedimentoloških karakteristika šljunka umjetne plaže Ploče. Sedimentološka analiza provedena je direktnim mjerenjem prikupljenih 105 valutica uz pomoć pomičnog digitalnog mjerila. Utvrđene su tri granulometrijske frakcije: 16-32 mm (1 %), 32-64 mm (94 %) te 64-128 mm (5 %) te se odabrani materijal karakterizira kao vrlo krupni šljunak koji je dobro sortiran i simetrične krivulje. Petrografskom analizom, koja je provedena mikroskopskim i makroskopskim promatranjima valutica i njihovih izrađenih preparata, utvrđeno je da se odabrane nekarbonatne valutice mogu svrstati kao metagranitne valutice i valutice efuzivnih stijena koje potječu iz dravskih terasa te kao takve, ne pripadaju originalnom materijalu plaže Ploče.A study was conducted on the petrographic and sedimentological characteristics of the gravel from the artificial Ploče Beach. The sedimentological analysis was performed by directly measuring 105 collected pebbles using a digital caliper. Three grain size fractions were identified: 16–32 mm (1%), 32–64 mm (94 %), and 64–128 mm (5%). The selected material is classified as very coarse gravel, which is well sorted with symmetrical curve. Petrographic analysis, carried out through microscopic and macroscopic observations of the pebbles and their prepared thin sections, showed that the selected non-carbonate pebbles can be classified as metagranitic and effusive rock pebbles. These originate from the Drava terraces and, as such, do not belong to the original material of Ploče Beach