O potrzebie afiliacji jako pułapce w świecie mediów na przykładzie tekstów zamieszczanych w „Naszym Dzienniku”

The media, while fulfilling the needs of individuals, may also influence people. A fundamental and relevant psychological need is the desire for acceptance and, connected with it, the need for affiliation. The enhancement of self-esteem achieved by gaining support for the professed opinions, the feeling of security resulting from being a member of a particular group, which eliminates fear, may lead to conformism. The addressor, willing to influence the recipient, can refer to their common interpretative horizon, axiological agreement and common good, thus, by means of ingratiation, can bring about a change in the recipient`s attitude. The aim of the article is to indicate integrative linguistic devices applied by mass media which make the persuasive action easier. Referring to friendship makes persuasion and manipulation much more simple; opposing the community may result in exclusion

Retoryka a niejęzykowe środki komunikacji

The subject matter of the text is an analysis of the meaning of non-linguistic devices in communication from the point of view of rhetoric understood as an art of speaking aimed at persuasion. The starting point for the author`s considerations is the thesis that the persuasive potential, which is possessed by a speaker, and which is about to be released at the actio stage, stems from such factors as the speaker`s credibility, competence, similarity to the recipient, sympathy they arouse and charisma—all these factors, to a greater or smaller degree, are built from extralinguistic elements. Thus, the efficiency of a rhetoric act depends not only on the ability to construct a text (according to the rules of inventio, dispositio and elocutio) but also on the method of its realization (acto). However, the most important is the assumption that the recipient: his needs, predispositions, opinions, attitudes and character determine the selection of appropriate persuasive devices including invention (topics and argumentation), elocution (the choice of a linguistic code) as well as the act of speaking itself. The non-linguistic devices discussed, embrace gestures, facial expressions, body movements and positions, physical distance, appearance and clothes as well as a paralinguistic aspect of communication (connected with the speaker`s voice, their physical attributes and the manner of speaking). From the point of view of rhetoric, in order to use these non-linguistic devices one has to obey specific rules. These are the rules of: appropriateness, functionality and credibility. Following the rule of appropriateness requires the correspondence of nonverbal behaviours with the speech style, with the type of the auditorium and the speaking situation (including time and place). From the point of view of the functionality principle, it is crucial to attach function to nonverbal behaviours intended to achieve a particular goal, whereas the credibility principle requires a speaker to build appropriate relations with the auditorium by means of nonlinguistic devices. The means of realization of these principles must be updated each time in a particular speaking situation, with prime consideration for the needs and the character of the recipient as well as the aim of the utterance

Wybrane leksykalne sposoby wyrażania wartości w pismach uczniów szkół średnich

The aim of the article is to present characteristic lexical means of expressing values used in secondary school students` compositions between the years 2000 and 2004. The methods of evaluation discussed in the article have been divided into two groups that constitute an example of systemic evaluation (lexemes that evaluate primarily and secondarily) and context evaluation (specifying the meaning of a lexeme, changing the value of a lexeme by context, the phenomenon of evaluation through stereotypes). Moreover, the article points out the devices which can be placed between conventionalised and context means (e.g., multi-evaluating lexemes or proper names referring to the transcendental sphere). The analysis of lexical material enabled researchers to draw a number of conclusions that show a linguistic picture of the world of values present in students` compositions. This picture appears well-ordered and stable. Additionally, it includes all evaluation classes identified in the axiological typology compiled by Jadwiga Puzynina

Wokół dyskusji o kondycji polskiego języka literackiego w XVII wieku

The article constitutes a compilation and recapitulation of the researchers’ opinions on the condition of the 17th-century Polish literary language. In the beginning of the 20th century, the linguists such as Aleksander Brűckner, Tadeusz Lehr-Spławiński or Zenon Klemensiewicz had a negative opinion on the 17th-century Polish language. In their works they mainly focused on external aspects of the language and pronounced the 17th century as the time of its decline. This attitude altered diametrically under the influence of the studies conducted by Irena Bajerowa. She took a closer look at the structure of the 17th-century Polish and found out that the language was at that time subject to a continuous and uninterrupted development. The works of subsequent linguists confirmed and elaborated Bajerowa’s conclusions. This thesis is also supported by the processes which began, lasted and ended in the 17th century. Among others, the processes include: the demorphologization of grammatical gender in the dative, locative and instrumental cases of the plural number, the separation of masculine category, the disappearance of dual number, the withdrawal of slanting vowels from the language and the formation of a new form of imperative mood of verbs. These processes show numerous attempts at introducing simplifications, regularities and improvements of the system and, as such, they are the manifestation of the permanent and undisturbed evolution of the 17th-century Polish language