,,BIERZESZ CZTERY LUB PIĘĆ NUT, JEDNĄ WYRZUCASZ, JEDNĄ PRZESUWASZ…”, czyli temat główny z Gwiezdnych wojen i Marsz imperialny jako standardy muzyki filmowej oraz ich wpływ na kulturę popularną

Każdy ma swoje zapachy, smaki, zdjęcia, które są związane z nami w konkretnych sytuacjach. Podobnie jest z muzyką i melodiami. Większość z nas może nucić „Ode to Joy”, „Für Elise” lub… „Imperial March” z „Gwiezdnych wojen”. Jaka jest najsilniejsza jakość muzyki z tej sagi? Dynamizm? Prostota? A może ton instrumentów? Spróbuję znaleźć powód.Zdjęcia z tego zdjęcia są i są z nim związane. Wies jest z muzyką i melodiami. Większość z nas może nucić „Oda do radości”, „Für Elise” lub… „Imperial March” z „Gwiezdnych wojen”. Jaka jest najsilniejsza jakość muzyki z tej sagi? Dynamizm? Prostota? A może ton instrumentów? Spróbuję znaleźć powód

KRYZYS EKONOMICZNY W FEDERACJI ROSYJSKIEJ W LATACH 2014-2016

The economic collapse in the Russian Federation observed in the years 2014-2016 is a result of overlapping negative trends both internally and externally. It should be emphasized that the economic shock caused by external factors in the form of economic sanctions imposed on Russia by Western states and the fall in oil prices on the world markets only accelerated the onset of the economic crisis but was not the main cause of its emergence. In this case the more important was an ineffective economic policy, which made economic development dependent on the prices of natural resources, primarily energy resources and it led to a deep structural crisis. In this context, the term “lost decade” has been used to emphasize the fact that the authorities have lost the chance to carry out deep structural reforms. Necessary and extremely costly economic, political and social reforms should were to be carried out during the economic prosperity that was fueled by persistent high oil prices. Introducing the above reforms during the crisis may not be feasible, however, the complete abandonment of such projects will make it impossible for the state to protect itself against future crises. The economic collapse in the Russian Federation observed in the years 2014-2016 is a result of overlapping negative trends both internally and externally. It should be emphasized that the economic shock caused by external factors in the form of economic sanctions imposed on Russia by Western states and the fall in oil prices on the world markets only accelerated the onset of the economic crisis but was not the main cause of its emergence. In this case the more important was an ineffective economic policy, which made economic development dependent on the prices of natural resources, primarily energy resources and it led to a deep structural crisis. In this context, the term “lost decade” has been used to emphasize the fact that the authorities have lost the chance to carry out deep structural reforms. Necessary and extremely costly economic, political and social reforms should were to be carried out during the economic prosperity that was fueled by persistent high oil prices. Introducing the above reforms during the crisis may not be feasible, however, the complete abandonment of such projects will make it impossible for the state to protect itself against future crises

SPONTANICZNOŚĆ CZY ODGÓRNE STEROWANIE? FUNKCJONOWANIE ZJAWISK SPOŁECZNYCH POWIĄZANYCH Z KULTURĄ MASOWĄ NA PRZYKŁADZIE FANDOMU GWIEZDNYCH WOJEN

The article is devoted to the issue of the impact of the new media on the mass culture. Authors have explored community portals using modern methods of quantitative and qualitative data analysis. The results show that belief in the more democratic, egalitarian character of the new media compared to the traditional corporate model of the mass-media industry may be a delusion as large mass media corporations have also had a great impact on the functioning of social networking sites.The article is devoted to the issue of the impact of the new media on the mass culture. Authors have explored community portals using modern methods of quantitative and qualitative data analysis. The results show that belief in the more democratic, egalitarian character of the new media compared to the traditional corporate model of the mass-media industry may be a delusion as large mass media corporations have also had a great impact on the functioning of social networking sites

ISLAMSKI RUCH UZBEKISTANU - OD LOKALNEGO EKSTREMIZMU DO PAŃSTWA ISLAMSKIEGO

This article presents one of the terrorist group in Central Asia. Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan is a fundamentalist Islam organization acting at first in Uzbekistan and then going beyond even to Afghanistan with its actions. This article will present the causes of existence of Islamic extremism in Central Asia, events which were enhancing the ideas of radicalism, as i.e. civil war in Tajikistan (1992-1997) or the Batken crises (1999, 2000), specific IMU actions or circumstances of connection to so-called Islamic State. It is the analysis of extremism in Central Asia and the explanation of this phenomenon; moreover the role of external factors in Islamic mobilization in the region and how the Organized crime works there.This article presents one of the terrorist group in Central Asia. Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan is a fundamentalist Islam organization acting at first in Uzbekistan and then going beyond even to Afghanistan with its actions. This article will present the causes of existence of Islamic extremism in Central Asia, events which were enhancing the ideas of radicalism, as i.e. civil war in Tajikistan (1992-1997) or the Batken crises (1999, 2000), specific IMU actions or circumstances of connection to so-called Islamic State. It is the analysis of extremism in Central Asia and the explanation of this phenomenon; moreover the role of external factors in Islamic mobilization in the region and how the Organized crime works there

RECEPCJA ŚREDNIOWIECZNYCH MOTYWÓW W ŚWIECIE GWIEZDNYCH WOJEN

The paper makes up an attempt to systematize and occasionally verify the views on the medieval motifs which were to be used while creating the world of Star Wars. The synchronic method applied in various publications lies behind opinions according to which the inspiration here included: Arthurian legends, the medieval concept of minne, visions of hell, the history and tradition of the Knights Templar, as well as the samurai in feudal Japan. These opinions cannot be regarded as entirely grounded. The remarks on the reception of some motifs related to the samurai or the Knights Templar seem justified as well as the plot of courtly love and the medieval image of hell. However, insistent juxtaposing, among others, of the individual stages of the lives of the saga’s main characters with the fortunes of king Arthur is controversial.The paper makes up an attempt to systematize and occasionally verify the views on the medieval motifs which were to be used while creating the world of Star Wars. The synchronic method applied in various publications lies behind opinions according to which the inspiration here included: Arthurian legends, the medieval concept of minne, visions of hell, the history and tradition of the Knights Templar, as well as the samurai in feudal Japan. These opinions cannot be regarded as entirely grounded. The remarks on the reception of some motifs related to the samurai or the Knights Templar seem justified as well as the plot of courtly love and the medieval image of hell. However, insistent juxtaposing, among others, of the individual stages of the lives of the saga’s main characters with the fortunes of king Arthur is controversial

TRAVIS DURDEN, MYTHS AND IDOLS. GWIEZDNE WOJNY W ARTYSTYCZNYM ENTOURAGE’U

The project Myths and Idols, by the French photographer Travis Durden, came into being in 2015 by means of digital technology. The artist processed photos of nine selected modern sculptures, mostly related to ancient matters, in order to provide them with the attributes or heads belonging to the heroes of the famous Star Wars saga. The sculptures chosen by Durden for his project had been created by European artists (French sculptors and one Italian master) and they are exclusively of an early modern provenance (arising from the Renaissance, Classicism, and Neoclassicism). Not a single work of ancient art is included. However, the classical (ancient) art itself became an object of the Parisian sculptor’s interest in terms of taking early modern art into account as the artists of the latter patterned themselves on ancient samples and picked up ancient subject matters. Likewise, Star Wars in turn constitutes a product of the American pop- culture frequently referring to motifs which had originated in ancient culture. The article discusses all nine photo collages and the whole project is being interpreted. Myths and Idols offers an example of the double reception of ancient culture – the early modern and contemporary ones.The project Myths and Idols, by the French photographer Travis Durden, came into being in 2015 by means of digital technology. The artist processed photos of nine selected modern sculptures, mostly related to ancient matters, in order to provide them with the attributes or heads belonging to the heroes of the famous Star Wars saga. The sculptures chosen by Durden for his project had been created by European artists (French sculptors and one Italian master) and they are exclusively of an early modern provenance (arising from the Renaissance, Classicism, and Neoclassicism). Not a single work of ancient art is included. However, the classical (ancient) art itself became an object of the Parisian sculptor’s interest in terms of taking early modern art into account as the artists of the latter patterned themselves on ancient samples and picked up ancient subject matters. Likewise, Star Wars in turn constitutes a product of the American pop- culture frequently referring to motifs which had originated in ancient culture. The article discusses all nine photo collages and the whole project is being interpreted. Myths and Idols offers an example of the double reception of ancient culture – the early modern and contemporary ones

HISTORIA NAJNOWSZA - POMIĘDZY PEWNOŚCIĄ A ZWĄTPIENIEM?

The paper discuss the regulatory principles which might be included into discussion on the controversy over the uses and misuses of contemporary history in Poland. The main proposals are as follow. We need greater methodological awareness that sources we are using whilst describing and interpreting the history are not refl ecting the whole past (which is simply impossible). While observing divergent versions of reconstructed past one should notice that the most divergent matt ers are connected with ethics. Three levels of ethics and moral judgments are listed: professional ethic of historian (is he a judge or observer), ethics/moral judgments of the past we investigate, moral judgment about the past. However tempting, metaphorical use of language should be limited at least at this stage of controversy, for there are not a commonly agreed set of metaphors, thus their use might only complicate the exchange of opinions.The paper discuss the regulatory principles which might be included into discussion on the controversy over the uses and misuses of contemporary history in Poland. The main proposals are as follow. We need greater methodological awareness that sources we are using whilst describing and interpreting the history are not refl ecting the whole past (which is simply impossible). While observing divergent versions of reconstructed past one should notice that the most divergent matt ers are connected with ethics. Three levels of ethics and moral judgments are listed: professional ethic of historian (is he a judge or observer), ethics/moral judgments of the past we investigate, moral judgment about the past. However tempting, metaphorical use of language should be limited at least at this stage of controversy, for there are not a commonly agreed set of metaphors, thus their use might only complicate the exchange of opinions

HISTORYK WE WSPÓŁCZESNYM ŚWIECIE. KILKA UWAG WOKÓŁ TEKSTU JANA POMORSKIEGO Polityzacja/mitologizacja historii, czyli w czym neuronauka (i metodologia) może pomóc badaczowi historii najnowszej?

Regarding how the present historians get involved in the debate on the politicization of the contemporary history, we can observe a superannuation of two models of historian: as a „cool scientist” and an „upholder of national values”. Apparently we could postulate in this moment the model of a historian as “a translator and mediator” between cultures, recognizing their “grammars”, and his obligation to create the common social capital. Nevertheless the scientifi c refl ection upon the politicization of history and the methodology of contemporary historiography is the matt er in dispute. Th erefore Pomorski’s suggestion of the more complex cognitive approach in the historiographical research (and historical discourse) should be taken into consideration.Regarding how the present historians get involved in the debate on the politicization of the contemporary history, we can observe a superannuation of two models of historian: as a „cool scientist” and an „upholder of national values”. Apparently we could postulate in this moment the model of a historian as “a translator and mediator” between cultures, recognizing their “grammars”, and his obligation to create the common social capital. Nevertheless the scientifi c refl ection upon the politicization of history and the methodology of contemporary historiography is the matt er in dispute. Th erefore Pomorski’s suggestion of the more complex cognitive approach in the historiographical research (and historical discourse) should be taken into consideration