Na tropie szamanizmu w paleolicie – na przykładzie jaskiń Cougnac i Pech-Merle .

The author of this thesis searches for traces of shamanism in paleolithic period through identification of signs and anthropomorphic resemblances that can have a connection with different stages of trance and shamanistic visions. For this article, Pech-Merle and Cougnac cave were chosen. Chronological range in this paper covers a period when Gravettian and Magdalenian cultures functioned. In order to carry out the above assumptions, the author used the results of structuralist research- search- ing for deep meaning and symbols, neuropsychological research – influence of altered states of con- sciousness on human and role of rites in simple societies, ethnographic research- different types of shamanic vocation and visions of shamanistic cosmology as well as interpretation of paintings and engravings based on the above mentioned scientific instruments. In the conclusion, the author shows that magical and religious practices similar to shamanism could function in paleolithic hunter-gatherer societies.The author of this thesis searches for traces of shamanism in paleolithic period through identification of signs and anthropomorphic resemblances that can have a connection with different stages of trance and shamanistic visions. For this article, Pech-Merle and Cougnac cave were chosen. Chronological range in this paper covers a period when Gravettian and Magdalenian cultures functioned. In order to carry out the above assumptions, the author used the results of structuralist research- search- ing for deep meaning and symbols, neuropsychological research – influence of altered states of con- sciousness on human and role of rites in simple societies, ethnographic research- different types of shamanic vocation and visions of shamanistic cosmology as well as interpretation of paintings and engravings based on the above mentioned scientific instruments. In the conclusion, the author shows that magical and religious practices similar to shamanism could function in paleolithic hunter-gatherer societies

Social Network Analysis dzieł Józefa Flawiusza. Studium przypadku dla Galilei w czasie Pierwszego Powstania Żydowskiego

This article shows the significance of the Social Network Analysis method in the study of Judea in the first century AD. The author presents the method and then shows its application on the example of the role of individual cities of Galilee. The situation concerns the time of the Jewish uprising in Galilee over a period of several months (autumn 66 - July 67 AD). After analyzing the situation in Galilee based on the works of Joseph Flavius, a graph was generated using the Ucinet computer program. The use of SNA in the study of the importance of individual cities in Galilee drew attention to the town of Gamla, which Joseph Flavius considered the most important fortress in this area. In addition, the graph showing the visits of individual insurgents to the cities of Galilee showed that Sepphoris was visited by both supporters and opponents of Joseph Flavius. Despite the fact that the inhabitants supported the Romans, they did not give up any rebel who visited them. The study confirmed the usefulness of the SNA method in undertaking subsequent analyzes of the works of Joseph Flavius.This article shows the significance of the Social Network Analysis method in the study of Judea in the first century AD. The author presents the method and then shows its application on the example of the role of individual cities of Galilee. The situation concerns the time of the Jewish uprising in Galilee over a period of several months (autumn 66 - July 67 AD). After analyzing the situation in Galilee based on the works of Joseph Flavius, a graph was generated using the Ucinet computer program. The use of SNA in the study of the importance of individual cities in Galilee drew attention to the town of Gamla, which Joseph Flavius considered the most important fortress in this area. In addition, the graph showing the visits of individual insurgents to the cities of Galilee showed that Sepphoris was visited by both supporters and opponents of Joseph Flavius. Despite the fact that the inhabitants supported the Romans, they did not give up any rebel who visited them. The study confirmed the usefulness of the SNA method in undertaking subsequent analyzes of the works of Joseph Flavius

Studnia – szczególny obiekt w przestrzeni stanowiska archeologicznego. Wprowadzenie do problematyki badawczej

A significant increase in the amount of materials obtained from the recent large area excavations resulted in numerous finds of wells. For years, these unique archaeological features were not treated as a separate research problem. In order to obtain the fullest research results, an increasing interdisciplinarity involving different fields of science is applied to the studies on wells nowadays. Constructions made of organic raw materials are extremely rare in the space of a typical archaeological site and they are also extremely important sources for gaining knowledge about particular settlements. Wells are accompanied by a certain range of features related to the use of water intake and located in its immediate vicinity. These discoveries allow for extremely interesting interpretations of the functional connections between individual complexes of this type. Functions of wells are an issue that is inextricably linked to the location of such complexes in the settlement’s space. Another aspect related to studies of these features is their extremely rich symbolism. Wells are special archaeological features. Their uniqueness places them among the most interesting objects studied by archaeologists.A significant increase in the amount of materials obtained from the recent large area excavations resulted in numerous finds of wells. For years, these unique archaeological features were not treated as a separate research problem. In order to obtain the fullest research results, an increasing interdisciplinarity involving different fields of science is applied to the studies on wells nowadays. Constructions made of organic raw materials are extremely rare in the space of a typical archaeological site and they are also extremely important sources for gaining knowledge about particular settlements. Wells are accompanied by a certain range of features related to the use of water intake and located in its immediate vicinity. These discoveries allow for extremely interesting interpretations of the functional connections between individual complexes of this type. Functions of wells are an issue that is inextricably linked to the location of such complexes in the settlement’s space. Another aspect related to studies of these features is their extremely rich symbolism. Wells are special archaeological features. Their uniqueness places them among the most interesting objects studied by archaeologists. &nbsp

Kwestia pierwotności funkcji estetycznej muzyki w świetle znalezisk archeologicznych

Bony flutes dated back to around 43,000 years old are the clearest examples of musical instruments ever found. There are also other archeological artifacts related to the possible musical activity of Homo sapiens and Homo neanderthalensis, which are the subject of numerous controversies. Bearing in mind that singing is the simplest form of musical activity that does not need any tools, the beginning of music must have been much older than the first musical instruments. Due to the fact that the sonic results of prehistorical hominins’ musical activity have not been preserved, the question of the artistic nature of hominins’ music requires the ethological knowledge as well as archeological findings. One of the widely discussed ethological hypotheses concerning human proclivity to behave artistically is the idea of artification, which has been proposed by Ellen Dissanayake. This idea suggests that the source of the human proclivity for art is the species-specific predisposition of Homo sapiens to transform the mundane non-artistic phenomena into art. However, while in the case of visual arts, the archeological discoveries of prehistorical paintings are by themselves the proof of such transformation in order to recognize the aesthetic function of our ancestors’ sound expressions the interpretation of the archeological discoveries of musical instruments in a broader context seems to be indispensable. The main aim of this article is to indicate that communication that has led to social consolidation has been the primordial function of music. Only together with the accelerating cultural evolution that occurred at the end of the middle Paleolithic period, musical activity was transformed from a simple communicative tool into an aesthetic phenomenon. It is proposed that this transformation could have been possible thanks to the appearance of the proclivityto artification.Bony flutes dated back to around 43,000 years old are the clearest examples of musical instruments ever found. There are also other archeological artifacts related to the possible musical activity of Homo sapiens and Homo neanderthalensis, which are the subject of numerous controversies. Bearing in mind that singing is the simplest form of musical activity that does not need any tools, the beginning of music must have been much older than the first musical instruments. Due to the fact that the sonic results of prehistorical hominins’ musical activity have not been preserved, the question of the artistic nature of hominins’ music requires the ethological knowledge as well as archeological findings. One of the widely discussed ethological hypotheses concerning human proclivity to behave artistically is the idea of artification, which has been proposed by Ellen Dissanayake. This idea suggests that the source of the human proclivity for art is the species-specific predisposition of Homo sapiens to transform the mundane non-artistic phenomena into art. However, while in the case of visual arts, the archeological discoveries of prehistorical paintings are by themselves the proof of such transformation in order to recognize the aesthetic function of our ancestors’ sound expressions the interpretation of the archeological discoveries of musical instruments in a broader context seems to be indispensable. The main aim of this article is to indicate that communication that has led to social consolidation has been the primordial function of music. Only together with the accelerating cultural evolution that occurred at the end of the middle Paleolithic period, musical activity was transformed from a simple communicative tool into an aesthetic phenomenon. It is proposed that this transformation could have been possible thanks to the appearance of the proclivityto artification

Biografistyka jako archeologia ruin

The article is devoted to biographical writing, which by the methodologies of the 20th century was thrown out of the field of humanities research. It returns in the new century with cultural anthropology, gender studies and – above all – memory studies. However, it raises a lot of questions, including doubts about the representation (author of the biography) and witnesses of events. The author of the article compares the work of a biographer with the work of an archaeologist who verifies the sources and reconstructs the whole on the basis of the background and contexts of time and place. In the biographer’s work, however, he notices one more element: research subjectivity, which in a world filled with nostalgia, we are not able to negate or eliminate.The article is devoted to biographical writing, which by the methodologies of the 20th century was thrown out of the field of humanities research. It returns in the new century with cultural anthropology, gender studies and – above all – memory studies. However, it raises a lot of questions, including doubts about the representation (author of the biography) and witnesses of events. The author of the article compares the work of a biographer with the work of an archaeologist who verifies the sources and reconstructs the whole on the basis of the background and contexts of time and place. In the biographer’s work, however, he notices one more element: research subjectivity, which in a world filled with nostalgia, we are not able to negate or eliminate

Archeoakustyka. Pomiędzy słuchaniem przeszłości a przepisywaniem historii

The main problem presented in the article is archeoacoustics understood as a modern subdiscipline of archeology. The aim of the research was to outline the theoretical map of ideological references used by this young, still developing field. In order to understand the complex interdisciplinary nature of the archeoacoustic approach, ideological concepts were indicated and described, which, starting from various research assumptions, reflected on the role and methods of the impact of the sound in culture.The main problem presented in the article is archeoacoustics understood as a modern subdiscipline of archeology. The aim of the research was to outline the theoretical map of ideological references used by this young, still developing field. In order to understand the complex interdisciplinary nature of the archeoacoustic approach, ideological concepts were indicated and described, which, starting from various research assumptions, reflected on the role and methods of the impact of the sound in culture

Muzeum-archiwum pamięci. Uwagi na temat roli materiałów archeologicznych w muzeach-miejscach pamięci na przykładzie KL Plaszow

The issues of memory, heritage, and archaeology are strictly connected to the archaeology of the contemporary past and the Nazi period. That connection is a new field of research that lead to the reconceptualization of ideas of a museum, archives, and their relations to memory. In the paper authors discuss the case study of the area of former labor and concentration camp Plaszow in Krakow (1942–1945). Since 2016, numerous archeological research and education programs were conducted by the Museum of Krakow. The main purpose of documentation, surface surveys, and excavations was preservation of the architectural relicts and landscape, and supplementing the historical knowledge of authentic archaeological sources. The results of the research were related to the preparation of the boundaries for the future commemoration of the former camp’s area and its history as a museum and memorial site. The outcome of the archaeological activity is collection of artifacts, documentation and archaeological knowledge that influenced the idea of commemoration in its specific way. The article attempts to answer the questions about the categories of archives and museums.The issues of memory, heritage, and archaeology are strictly connected to the archaeology of the contemporary past and the Nazi period. That connection is a new field of research that lead to the reconceptualization of ideas of a museum, archives, and their relations to memory. In the paper authors discuss the case study of the area of former labor and concentration camp Plaszow in Krakow (1942–1945). Since 2016, numerous archeological research and education programs were conducted by the Museum of Krakow. The main purpose of documentation, surface surveys, and excavations was preservation of the architectural relicts and landscape, and supplementing the historical knowledge of authentic archaeological sources. The results of the research were related to the preparation of the boundaries for the future commemoration of the former camp’s area and its history as a museum and memorial site. The outcome of the archaeological activity is collection of artifacts, documentation and archaeological knowledge that influenced the idea of commemoration in its specific way. The article attempts to answer the questions about the categories of archives and museums

Kreatywność za drutem kolczastym: archeologia i sztuka okopowa z pierwszowojennego obozu jenieckiego w Czersku (woj. pomorskie)

This article discusses the results of archaeological and anthropological research concerning material remains of a prisoner of war camp in Czersk (Pomeranian province, Poland) (Kriegsgefangenenlager Czersk). In the first part, I sketch a broader historical context related to building and functioning of the camp in forests around Czersk between 1914–1919. After that, the role and meaning of  archaeological research on such type of archaeological sites are presented. In the third part, I focus on a very special category of the camp heritage which is called trench art. The last part of this paper is a case study where an assemblage of objects classified as trench art that was found at the camp is described and interpreted. This text aims at highlighting the value of such prisoners and camp’s heritage. Such material culture is a material memory of extraordinary prisoners’ creativity behind barbed wire. It makes one aware of how every piece of trash, rubbish was re-cycled during day-to-day life behind barbed wire.This article discusses the results of archaeological and anthropological research concerning material remains of a prisoner of war camp in Czersk (Pomeranian province, Poland) (Kriegsgefangenenlager Czersk). In the first part, I sketch a broader historical context related to building and functioning of the camp in forests around Czersk between 1914–1919. After that, the role and meaning of  archaeological research on such type of archaeological sites are presented. In the third part, I focus on a very special category of the camp heritage which is called trench art. The last part of this paper is a case study where an assemblage of objects classified as trench art that was found at the camp is described and interpreted. This text aims at highlighting the value of such prisoners and camp’s heritage. Such material culture is a material memory of extraordinary prisoners’ creativity behind barbed wire. It makes one aware of how every piece of trash, rubbish was re-cycled during day-to-day life behind barbed wire

Dystrybucja i rola sztyletów krzemiennych wśród społeczności grupy kościańskiej kultury unietyckiej – analiza typologiczno-chronologiczna materiałów z Niziny Wielkopolsko-Kujawskiej oraz studium przypadku znaleziska z Bronikowa (gm. Śmigiel)

The article focuses on the matter of significance of flint daggers on the area settled by Early Bronze Age societies connected with Únětice Culture Kościan Group. Analytical part is separated into two sections. The first is a case study of a stray find from Bronikowo (com. Śmigiel) and the second involve typological analysis of flint daggers from western part of Polish Lowlands. Results gathered give an overview of an issue propounded in a title.The article focuses on the matter of significance of flint daggers on the area settled by Early Bronze Age societies connected with Únětice Culture Kościan Group. Analytical part is separated into two sections. The first is a case study of a stray find from Bronikowo (com. Śmigiel) and the second involve typological analysis of flint daggers from western part of Polish Lowlands. Results gathered give an overview of an issue propounded in a title

Teoria systemów-światów Immanuela Wallersteina i jej recepcja w archeologii: część III – okres wpływów rzymskich

Immanuel Wallerstein’s centre-periphery model lies at the root of many archaeological studies, particularly studies of romanisation. One of them has been an article written by Peter S. Wells, but we have also studies done by Richard Higley concerning Roman Britain, Susan Frankenstein and Michael Rowland concerning the social hierarchy in Roman Germany. Actually several archaeologists tried to study these topic according to the Wallerstein’s world-systems theory. We can observe that the application of the theory into archaeology has always very important heuristic value.Immanuel Wallerstein’s centre-periphery model lies at the root of many archaeological studies, particularly studies of romanisation. One of them has been an article written by Peter S. Wells, but we have also studies done by Richard Higley concerning Roman Britain, Susan Frankenstein and Michael Rowland concerning the social hierarchy in Roman Germany. Actually several archaeologists tried to study these topic according to the Wallerstein’s world-systems theory. We can observe that the application of the theory into archaeology has always very important heuristic value