The Effect of Magnesium Chloride Administration on Pain in Orthodontic Treatment Using the Writhing Test Method

Pain in orthodontic treatment is related to inflammation and stimulation of the free nerve endings in the periodontal ligament due to the application of mechanical forces to the teeth. This pain typically appears within 2-4 hours after separator placement, peaks within 24 hours, and gradually subsides over 3-7 days. Magnesium is a mineral known for its analgesic effects by blocking N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) receptors located on postsynaptic spinal neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Magnesium chloride (MgCl2) is a highly water-soluble form of magnesium salt, commonly used as a magnesium ion source due to its easy absorption by the body. This study aims to investigate the effect of magnesium chloride administration on pain during orthodontic treatment in Wistar rats using the writhing test method. This study is a laboratory experimental study using the writhing test method on 21 male Wistar rats, divided into three groups with observation times at 2 hours and 24 hours after separator placement. The control group received no magnesium chloride and no orthodontic rubber separators, the first experimental group received no magnesium chloride but had orthodontic rubber separators placed, and the second experimental group received magnesium chloride and had orthodontic rubber separators placed. The results showed that the second experimental group had the lowest average pain response, with 4.86±2.67 writhes at the 2-hour observation time and 8.57±3.78 writhes at the 24-hour observation time. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and post-hoc LSD tests. The results demonstrated a significant difference in pain responses between the control and experimental groups at the 2-hour observation time, whereas no significant difference was observed at the 24-hour observation time. In conclusion, magnesium chloride has an effect in reducing pain in Wistar rats with orthodontic rubber separators during the first 2 hours, based on the writhing test method.83 PagesSkripsi Sarjan

The Effectiveness of Ethanol Extract of Red Watermelon Rind (Citrullus lanatus) Against the Growth of Staphylococcus aureus (In Vitro)

Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogenic bacterium that causes infections and exhibits resistance to several antibiotics. Red watermelon rind is known to contain bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, and tannins, which have antibacterial activity. The extract was obtained using the maceration method at concentrations of 3.125%, 6.25%, 12.5%, 25%, and 50%, with 0.2% Chlorhexidine gluconate as a positive control and Dimethyl sulfoxide as a negative control. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of red watermelon rind extract against the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. The research was a laboratory experimental study with a post-test only control group design conducted in vitro. Antibacterial testing was performed using the disk diffusion method. The results were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests, which revealed significant inhibition zones (p=0.000; p<0.05) across all treatment groups. It was concluded that ethanol extract of red watermelon rind effectively inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, with inhibition zones at concentrations of 1.56%: 6.16 mm, 3.125%: 9.45 mm, 6.25%: 10.63 mm, 12.5%: 15.25 mm, 25%: 16.81 mm, and 50%: 18.09 mm.94 PagesSkripsi Sarjan

Performance Evaluation of Palm Oil Industry Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) Unit (Case Study: PT. XYZ)

PT XYZ is one of the company units of PT ABC which is engaged in the palm oil industry with the process of fatty acids and their derivatives. In April 2024 PT XYZ produces waste with parameters contained, one of which is COD of 3500 mg/L and a discharge of 264 m3/day so that an evaluation is needed to see the quality of the treated wastewater. The purpose of this study is to determine the performance of each unit of the Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) at PT XYZ and to evaluate the quality of wastewater produced at the PT XYZ Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP). The research was conducted at the WWTP of PT XYZ in April 2024. The type of research is comparative research, namely the comparison of wastewater output from each wastewater treatment unit with quality standards that refer to the Regulation of the Minister of Environment of the Republic of Indonesia Number 5 of 2014 Appendix III concerning Wastewater Quality Standards for Palm Oil Industry Businesses and / or Activities and also design evaluation by comparing design criteria. Data processing techniques include the calculation of the design of each WWTP unit by comparing design criteria and calculating the effectiveness of the treatment unit at the PT XYZ WWTP which is indicated by the percentage of pollutant removal. The results showed that the performance of each unit of the Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) at PT XYZ gave good results in reducing pollutant parameters. However, the WWTP at PT XYZ has several points that require further optimisation. As in the oil & fat separator tank, it is necessary to improve the detention time and in the buffer tank, it is necessary to regulate the discharge into the building or readjust the building design to ensure that the detention time is in accordance with the design criteria. Furthermore, there is a significant decrease in the parameters of Oil & Fat, COD, and TSS from inlet to outlet so as to produce wastewater quality that meets quality standards.114 PagesSkripsi Sarjan

Perancangan Taman Rekreasi dan Pusat Penelitian Mangrove dengan Pendekatan Arsitektur Berkelanjutan di Pesisir Langkat

This study aims to design a Mangrove Tourism Recreation Center on the Langkat coast as a facility that integrates education, conservation, and recreation based on sustainable architecture. The main issue addressed is the degradation of the mangrove ecosystem due to land conversion and the low public awareness of environmental preservation. The research uses a mixed methods approach, combining qualitative methods such as literature studies, site observations, and interviews, with quantitative methods such as spatial data analysis and functional requirement assessments. The design applies energy efficiency principles, environmentally friendly materials, and integration with the natural environment. The main functions include natural tourism zones, mangrove education and research centers, seafood production houses, and public spaces. This project is expected to serve as an ecological tourism model that promotes conservation and empowers coastal communities.164 PagesSkripsi Sarjan

An Analysis of Framing and Political Communication of the Gerindra Party in North Sumatra on Social Media During the 2024 Presidential Election

Social media has become a crucial arena in modern political campaigns due to its broad reach and interactive capabilities. This study aims to analyze the framing and political communication strategy employed by the North Sumatra chapter of the Gerindra Party (Gerindra Sumut) on the Instagram platform in the context of Indonesia’s 2024 Presidential Election. A descriptive qualitative approach was used, involving framing analysis of content posted on Gerindra Sumut’s official Instagram account during the campaign period, complemented by interviews with the party’s social media team. The findings show that Gerindra Sumut implemented a political framing strategy highlighting key issues such as the economy, public welfare, and nationalism, thereby shaping the image of Prabowo Subianto as a problem-solving and patriotic leader. The digital communication strategy adopted was largely positive and participatory: visual content (infographics, photos, short videos) was designed to appeal to young voters, twoway engagement was encouraged through features like polls and Q&A sessions, and the campaign focused more on strengthening the candidate’s image than attacking opponents. The implications of this study underscore the importance of adaptive issue framing and interactive social media utilization to enhance the effectiveness of political communication in the digital era112 PagesSkripsi Sarjan

Evaluation of the Relationship Between Orthodontic Treatment Needs for Class I Malocclusion and Quality of Life Among Students of SMPN 30 Medan

Untreated malocclusion can lead to various negative impacts on the oral cavity, such as chewing difficulties, trouble with verbal communication, discomfort, and a decreased quality of life. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between orthodontic treatment needs and quality of life in students with Class I malocclusion at SMPN 30 Medan using the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need – Aesthetic Component (IOTN AC), Dental Health Component (IOTN DHC), and the Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14). This study employs a cross-sectional design by evaluating IOTN DHC, IOTN AC, and OHIP-14. Data were analyzed using Spearman’s correlation test to evaluate the relationship between variables. The study results show that based on IOTN AC, 92.3% were in the “little or no need” category, 3.8% in the “borderline need” category, and 3.8% in the “great need” category. Based on IOTN DHC, 80.8% of the students were in the “little or no need” category, 11.5% in the “borderline need” category, and 7.7% in the “great need” category. The distribution of students’ quality of life based on OHIP-14 showed that 90.38% were in the “good” category and 9.62% in the “moderate” category. The analysis results indicate a very weak, positive, and non-significant correlation between IOTN AC and OHIP-14. Meanwhile, the analysis also shows a weak, positive and significant correlation was found between IOTN DHC and OHIP-14 (p=0.036), indicating that a higher orthodontic treatment need based on dental health aspects was associated with a lower quality of life. The need for orthodontic treatment assessed using IOTN DHC has a greater impact on quality of life compared to IOTN AC, which focuses more on aesthetic aspects. This suggests that functional issues due to malocclusion have a more significant impact than aesthetic concerns alone.76 PagesSkripsi Sarjan

Mapping Ecotourism Objects for Planning Ecotourism using UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle ) Technology Aerial Vehicle) in Lubuk Kasih Village, District West Brandan, Langkat Regency

UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) technology is a very useful technology in mapping small areas with a high level of accuracy and resolution using this UAV system has flexibility for photogrammetry and remote sensing. Therefore, this system is a new revolution in photogrammetry. One of the ecotourism areas that has the potential to be developed is the mangrove forest in Lubuk Kasih Village, West Brandan District, Langkat Regency. This study aims to map the mangrove forest area and identify the potential for developing attractions and supporting facilities for ecotourism using UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) in Lubuk Kasih Village, West Brandan District, Langkat Regency. Land cover classification is carried out by orthomosaic processing and classification using the OBIA (Object Based Image Analysis) method. Identification of potential and constraints is carried out by field observation, flora and fauna surveys, interviews and analysis of potential and constraints. Ecotourism planning is carried out through field surveys, orthomosaic processing and spatial analysis. Aerial photo classification produces 8 land cover classifications, namely Water Bodies, Roads, Open Land, Mangroves, Settlements, Coconut Trees, Oil Palms, and Ponds. The largest land cover classification is mangrove with an area of 18.30 Ha. There are types of Black Mangrove Mangrove (Rhizophora mucronata), Long-tailed Monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) and Birds.52 PagesSkripsi Sarjan

Relationship Between CTLA-4 +6230G>A Polymorphism, CTLA-4 Levels, and Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Batak Ethnic Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B

Background. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) is the most studied checkpoint inhibition molecule that has the potential to develop HCC cases. CTLA-4 levels can be influenced by polymorphisms in the CTLA-4 gene, which can vary among ethnicities/races. Objective. To analyze the relationship between CTLA-4 +6230 G>A polymorphism with HCC and CTLA-4 levels in chronic hepatitis B patients of Batak ethnicity. Methods. The study design used was a case-control. Inclusion criteria include chronic hepatitis B patients with HCC (case group) and without HCC (control group), Batak ethnicity, aged > 18 years, cooperative and willing to participate by signing the consent form after explanation (informed consent). Exclusion criteria include the consumption of immunomodulator/immunosuppressant drugs in the past month; patients with HIV, Hepatitis C, chronic kidney disease, autoimmune diseases, other malignancies; and pregnant women. An interview, physical examination, abdominal ultrasound, and blood draw were conducted. Measurement of serum CTLA-4 levels using the ELISA method and examination of CTLA-4 +6230 G>A polymorphism using the real-time PCR method. Data analysis was performed using statistical programs with chi-square tests, unpaired T-tests, One-way ANOVA, and binomial logistic regression. The significance of the statistical test results is determined based on a p-value of <0.05. Results There was a significant relationship between CTLA-4 levels, HBV DNA, ALT, and CTLA-4 +6203G>A polymorphism with HCC. Liver cirrhosis increased the risk of experiencing HCC by 7.6 times (pA polymorphism with the G allele significantly increased the risk of experiencing HCC by 1.45 times (p=0.046). There was a significant difference in serum CTLA-4 levels among genotypes of the CTLA-4 +6230G>A polymorphism. CTLA-4 levels were significantly higher in hepatitis B patients with GG and AG genotypes compared to AA (p<0.001). Conclusions There was a significant relationship between the G allele of CTLA-4 +6230G>A polymorphism, high CTLA-4, liver cirrhosis, high ALT, high HBV DNA, old age, and HCC in chronic hepatitis B patients.166 pagesKarya Tulis Profes

Legal Consequences Of Founders Failure To Realize Capital Contributions In Limited Liability Companies

Founders who fail to fulfill capital contributions in a limited liability company (LLC) create legal uncertainty, as proof of capital contribution is a fundamental requirement for the company to obtain legal entity status. Such proof may take the form of deposit slips, a certificate from a bank, or a written statement signed by all directors and commissioners confirming the contribution. However, issues arise when founders do not fulfill their obligation to contribute capital as required. This research adopts a normative juridical method with a descriptive approach, utilizing statutory and library research methods. Data were collected through literature review and analyzed qualitatively. The study concludes that founders are obligated to fulfill their capital contributions after the company is established to ensure legal certainty for any legal acts carried out by either the founders or the company’s organs. Failure to do so constitutes an unlawful act. Founders and corporate organs who deliberately avoid capital contributions may have their shareholder rights suspended until obligations are fulfilled. Furthermore, any resulting losses—whether affecting the founders as shareholders or the company’s organs—will be jointly and severally borne. The findings emphasize that founders should fulfill their capital contributions as part of their responsibilities as shareholders to ensure that company organs can later carry out legal actions with full legal certainty.170 PagesTesis Magiste

The Meaning of the Erpangir Upah Tendi Ceremony Tradition in the Cultural Life of the Karo Community in Pernantin Village, Juhar District, Karo Regency, North Sumatra

This study aims to interpret the meaning of the Erpangir Upah Tendi ceremony in the cultural life of the Karo people in Pernantin Village. The background of this research is based on the importance of tradition as an inseparable part of the Karo community's life, especially the Erpangir Upah Tendi ceremony, which is believed to restore self-equilibrium physically and psychologically. The research method used is qualitative with a descriptive-analytical approach, including direct observation, in-depth interviews with traditional leaders and ritual participants, and documentation. Clifford Geertz's concept is used to analyze the symbolic meaning in this ceremony. The results of the study show that Erpangir Upah Tendi not only serves as a means of spiritual healing but also has profound social and cultural meanings. Kinship systems such as kalimbubu, anak beru, and sembuyak play an important role in strengthening the values of togetherness, mutual cooperation, and preservation of cultural identity. Changes in meaning due to the times and the influence of new religions are also of concern in this study. Nevertheless, some Karo people continue to uphold this tradition as a cultural symbol and ancestral heritage. The conclusion of this research is that the Erpangir Upah Tendi ceremony reflects how the community builds harmonious relationships between humans, nature, and the spiritual world. This tradition continues to live because it is believed to carry important meanings for the balance of life and the identity of the Karo community. The suggestion from this research is the need for efforts to preserve and revitalize the Erpangir Upah Tendi tradition through education and the active participation of the younger generation. In addition, further research is needed to explore the potential of local values in supporting sustainable social and ecological development.103 PagesSkripsi Sarjan