Aged Caregivers in COVID-19: Geriatric Depression and Anxiety Prevalence Related to Psychosocial Characteristics

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic affected aged family caregivers’ access to support resources, increasing the burden of care due to psychological distress. Objective: To describe the prevalence of geriatric depression and anxiety in older adult family caregivers during the COVID-19 pandemic and its association with psychosocial characteristics. Method: Cross-sectional study including 180 family caregivers replying to an online sociodemographic data questionnaire, GAD-7 and GDS-VE scales. Results: Caregivers’ median age was 66 years, 81% female, 71% employed, 57% parents or brothers/sisters and lived with the relative. The prevalence of geriatric depression and anxiety was 46% and 71%, respectively. Anxiety levels were associated with cohabitation with the patient (OR 2.44). A trend between female sex and the presence of anxiety (OR 2.41) was observed. An association was also found between cohabitation with the patient and depression (OR 1.92). Cohabitation with the patient significantly increased the risk of depression (OR 2.22). Conclusions: Cohabitation with the patient was associated with depression and onset of anxiety symptoms, remarkably in femalcaregivers.Antecedentes: el COVID-19 afectó el acceso de los cuidadores familiares adultos mayores a los recursos de apoyo, aumentando la sobrecarga debida al estrés por la situación de cuidado. Objetivo: describir la prevalencia de depresión geriátrica y ansiedad en adultos mayores cuidadores durante el COVID-19 y su asociación con características psicosociales.  Método: estudio transversal sobre 180 cuidadores familiares. Se administró un cuestionario sociodemográfico y las escalas GAD-7 y GDS-VE. Resultados: la edad media de los cuidadores fue de 66 años, 81% mujeres, 71% trabajaba, 57% padres o hermanos/as y vivía con el familiar. La prevalencia de depresión y ansiedad geriátrica fue de 46% y 71%, respectivamente. Los niveles de ansiedad se asociaron con la cohabitación con el paciente (OR 2.44). Se observó una tendencia entre el sexo femenino y la presencia de ansiedad (OR 2.41). También se encontró una asociación entre la cohabitación con el paciente y la depresión (OR 1.92). La cohabitación con el paciente aumentó significativamente el riesgo de depresión (OR 2.22). Conclusiones: la convivencia con el paciente se asoció con el riesgo de depresión y la aparición de síntomas de ansiedad, más marcadamente en cuidadoras.Background: The COVID-19 pandemic affected aged family caregivers’ access to support resources, increasing the burden of care due to psychological distress. Objective: To describe the prevalence of geriatric depression and anxiety in older adult family caregivers during the COVID-19 pandemic and its association with psychosocial characteristics. Method: Cross-sectional study including 180 family caregivers replying to an online sociodemographic data questionnaire, GAD-7 and GDS-VE scales. Results: Caregivers’ median age was 66 years, 81% female, 71% employed, 57% parents or brothers/sisters and lived with the relative. The prevalence of geriatric depression and anxiety was 46% and 71%, respectively. Anxiety levels were associated with cohabitation with the patient (OR 2.44). A trend between female sex and the presence of anxiety (OR 2.41) was observed. An association was also found between cohabitation with the patient and depression (OR 1.92). Cohabitation with the patient significantly increased the risk of depression (OR 2.22). Conclusions: Cohabitation with the patient was associated with depression and onset of anxiety symptoms, remarkably in femalcaregivers

Factor Structure Analysis of Perceived Stress Scale Among Healthcare Students

Background: Although the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) is widely used, rigorous assessment of its internal structure among healthcare students remains necessary. Objective: To evaluate the psychometric properties of the PSS in healthcare university students. Method: Two random samples totaling 399 healthcare students completed the PSS-10. Exploratory factor analysis used WLSMV estimator with oblique rotation. Confirmatory factor analysis employed Structural Equation Modeling with covariance matrix. Orthogonal bifactor analysis tested PSS-10 dimensionality. Analyses were conducted for both total sample and gender stratified subgroups. Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis assessed gender equivalence of factor structure. Results: Scale items showed satisfactory factor loadings (> .40), good internal consistency (α > .80) and reliability (ω > .84), and acceptable discriminant validity between factors (< .85). Correlations between PSS-10 factors and psychological distress and resilience were of expected magnitude and direction. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated better adjustment parameters (RMSEA = .091; CFI = .977; SRMR = .032) for the two-factor solution (negative perception and stress coping) for both the total sample and sex. Conclusions: The two factor model showed no measurement invariance across gender groups. Orthogonal bifactor models supported PSS-10 unidimensionality. Despite statistical nuances across factor models, the PSS-10 provides a robust, simple, unidimensional measure of perceived stress among healthcare students. Antecedentes: aunque la Escala de Estrés Percibido (PSS-10) es ampliamente utilizada, sigue siendo necesaria una evaluación rigurosa de su estructura interna entre estudiantes de ciencias de la salud. Objetivo: evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de la PSS en estudiantes universitarios de ciencias de la salud. Método: dos muestras aleatorias que totalizaron 399 estudiantes de ciencias de la salud completaron la PSS-10. El análisis factorial exploratorio utilizó el estimador WLSMV con rotación oblicua. El análisis factorial confirmatorio empleó el Modelado de Ecuaciones Estructurales con matriz de covarianza. El análisis bifactorial ortogonal evaluó la dimensionalidad de la PSS-10. Los análisis se realizaron tanto para la muestra total como para subgrupos estratificados por género. El análisis factorial confirmatorio multigrupo evaluó la equivalencia de la estructura factorial entre géneros. Resultados: los ítems de la escala mostraron cargas factoriales satisfactorias (> .40), buena consistencia interna (α >.80) y fiabilidad (ω > .84), y validez discriminante aceptable entre factores (< .85). Las correlaciones entre los factores de la PSS-10 y el malestar psicológico y la resiliencia fueron de la magnitud y dirección esperadas. El análisis factorial confirmatorio indicó mejores parámetros de ajuste (RMSEA = .091; CFI = .977; SRMR = .032) para la solución de dos factores (percepción negativa y afrontamiento del estrés) tanto para la muestra total como por sexo. Conclusiones: el modelo de dos factores no mostró invarianza de medición entre grupos de género. Los modelos bifactoriales ortogonales respaldaron la unidimensionalidad de la PSS10. A pesar de los matices estadísticos entre los modelos factoriales, la PSS-10 proporciona una medida robusta, simple y unidimensional del estrés percibido entre estudiantes de ciencias de la salud.The study assessed the psychometric properties of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) in two random samples of 399 university students. An exploratory factor analysis was conducted using the WLSMV estimator with oblique rotation in the total sample (n=399) and separately for men (n=199) and women (n=200). Confirmatory factor analysis, using Structural Equation Modeling, indicated better adjustment parameters (RMSEA: 0.091; CFI: 0.977; SRMR: 0.032) for the two-factor solution (negative perception and stress coping) for both the total sample and sex. The scale items presented satisfactory factor loadings (>0.40), good internal consistency (α>0.80) and reliability (w>0.84) indices, and acceptable discriminant validity between the two factors (<0.85). Correlations between the two PSS-10 factors and psychological distress and resilience were of the expected magnitude and direction. The research strengthens the perspective of the bifactorial dimension of the PSS-10 and provides new evidence of its internal structure for use among young populations in Brazil

The Short Burnout Measure (SBM): Development and Validation

Background: Burnout is a widespread issue in organizational settings, negatively affecting both employees and organizations. While numerous scales have been developed, many have limitations, such as failing to differentiate between depersonalization and cynicism, or using reverse items to assess inefficacy, that compromise their validity and utility. Objective: to develop and validate a short burnout measure (SBM). Method: An instrumental study was conducted using a sample of 1256 information technology (IT) workers from Argentina (56.1% males; age range: 18-59, M = 25.16). Participants completed an online survey including the SBM, along with measures of turnover intention and employee Net Promoter Score. Results: Confirmatory factor analysis comparing one-factor, three-factor, four-factor, higherorder, and bifactor models revealed that the four-factor model –comprising exhaustion, cynicism, depersonalization, and inefficacy– provided the best fit to the data [χ2 (14) = 26.60, p < .05, CFI = .998, TLI = .996, RMSEA = .038 (90% CI [.014, .06]), WRMR = 0.33]. All SBM factors demonstrated satisfactory construct reliability (H coefficients ranging from .77 to .88). Criterion validity was supported by theoretically consistent associations found between SBM dimensions, turnover intention, and employee Net Promoter Score. Conclusion: This study presents a new scale that overcomes key limitations of existing self-report measures by using separate subscales for assessing cynicism and depersonalization and using direct items to assess inefficacy. These features, together with its brevity, make the SBM a practical and psychometrically sound tool for rapidly assessing burnout in IT workers. Study limitations and the need to replicate these findings in different occupational sectors are discussed.Background: Burnout is a widespread issue in organizational settings, negatively affecting both employees and organizations. While numerous scales have been developed, many have limitations, such as failing to differentiate between depersonalization and cynicism, or using reverse items to assess inefficacy, that compromise their validity and utility. Objective: to develop and validate a short burnout measure (SBM). Method: An instrumental study was conducted using a sample of 1256 information technology (IT) workers from Argentina (56.1% males; age range: 18-59, M = 25.16). Participants completed an online survey including the SBM, along with measures of turnover intention and employee Net Promoter Score. Results: Confirmatory factor analysis comparing one-factor, three-factor, four-factor, higherorder, and bifactor models revealed that the four-factor model –comprising exhaustion, cynicism, depersonalization, and inefficacy– provided the best fit to the data [χ2 (14) = 26.60, p < .05, CFI = .998, TLI = .996, RMSEA = .038 (90% CI [.014, .06]), WRMR = 0.33]. All SBM factors demonstrated satisfactory construct reliability (H coefficients ranging from .77 to .88). Criterion validity was supported by theoretically consistent associations found between SBM dimensions, turnover intention, and employee Net Promoter Score. Conclusion: This study presents a new scale that overcomes key limitations of existing self-report measures by using separate subscales for assessing cynicism and depersonalization and using direct items to assess inefficacy. These features, together with its brevity, make the SBM a practical and psychometrically sound tool for rapidly assessing burnout in IT workers. Study limitations and the need to replicate these findings in different occupational sectors are discussed.Background: Burnout is a widespread issue in organizational settings, negatively affecting both employees and organizations. While numerous scales have been developed, many have limitations, such as failing to differentiate between depersonalization and cynicism, or using reverse items to assess inefficacy, that compromise their validity and utility. Objective: to develop and validate a short burnout measure (SBM). Method: An instrumental study was conducted using a sample of 1256 information technology (IT) workers from Argentina (56.1% males; age range: 18-59, M = 25.16). Participants completed an online survey including the SBM, along with measures of turnover intention and employee Net Promoter Score. Results: Confirmatory factor analysis comparing one-factor, three-factor, four-factor, higherorder, and bifactor models revealed that the four-factor model –comprising exhaustion, cynicism, depersonalization, and inefficacy– provided the best fit to the data [χ2 (14) = 26.60, p < .05, CFI = .998, TLI = .996, RMSEA = .038 (90% CI [.014, .06]), WRMR = 0.33]. All SBM factors demonstrated satisfactory construct reliability (H coefficients ranging from .77 to .88). Criterion validity was supported by theoretically consistent associations found between SBM dimensions, turnover intention, and employee Net Promoter Score. Conclusion: This study presents a new scale that overcomes key limitations of existing self-report measures by using separate subscales for assessing cynicism and depersonalization and using direct items to assess inefficacy. These features, together with its brevity, make the SBM a practical and psychometrically sound tool for rapidly assessing burnout in IT workers. Study limitations and the need to replicate these findings in different occupational sectors are discussed

Creativity, academic performance and family in adolescence: A Systematic Review

Background: the subject of creativity is complex and its study in adolescence is of great interest due to the various variables linked to the development process of both phenomena. State of the art: this systematic review has two aims: first, to explore the relationship between creativity and academic performance in adolescents, and second, to analyse the influence of the family environment in general and parental styles in particular, on the development of creativity at this stage. The following databases are used as sources of information: Dialnet, Eric, Scopus and Web of Science. The review covers the period from 2000 to 2024. The results suggest that most of the studies find a positive relationship between the variables of academic performance and creativity, with some of them pointing to the predictive value of creativity on academic performance, as well as the influence that the family environment has on the development of creative potential. With respect to parental styles, the democratic style is the one that most favours the development of creativity as opposed to the authoritarian one. Conclusions: the teaching of creativity in adolescence is fundamental, as is the design of educational programmes that promote the comprehensive development of students.Antecedentes: la temática de la creatividad es compleja y su estudio en la adolescencia tiene gran interés debido a las diversas variables vinculadas en el proceso evolutivo de ambos fenómenos. Estado del arte: esta revisión sistemática tiene dos objetivos, por un lado, explorar la relación de la creatividad y el rendimiento académico en adolescentes, y por otro, analizar la influencia del entorno familiar en general y los estilos parentales en particular, en el desarrollo de la creatividad en esta etapa. Se utilizan como fuentes de información las bases de datos: Dialnet, Eric, Scopus y Web of Science. La revisión abarca desde el año 2000 al 2024. Los resultados sugieren que la mayoría de los estudios encuentran una relación positiva entre las variables de rendimiento académico y creatividad, apuntando algunos de ellos el valor predictivo de la creatividad sobre el rendimiento académico; así como, la influencia que el entorno familiar tiene en el desarrollo del potencial creativo. Respecto a los estilos parentales, el democrático es el que más favorece el desarrollo de la creatividad frente al autoritario. Conclusiones: la enseñanza de la creatividad en la adolescencia es fundamental y el diseño de programas educativos que fomenten el desarrollo integral del alumnado.Background: the subject of creativity is complex and its study in adolescence is of great interest due to the various variables linked to the development process of both phenomena. State of the art: this systematic review has two aims: first, to explore the relationship between creativity and academic performance in adolescents, and second, to analyse the influence of the family environment in general and parental styles in particular, on the development of creativity at this stage. The following databases are used as sources of information: Dialnet, Eric, Scopus and Web of Science. The review covers the period from 2000 to 2024. The results suggest that most of the studies find a positive relationship between the variables of academic performance and creativity, with some of them pointing to the predictive value of creativity on academic performance, as well as the influence that the family environment has on the development of creative potential. With respect to parental styles, the democratic style is the one that most favours the development of creativity as opposed to the authoritarian one. Conclusions: the teaching of creativity in adolescence is fundamental, as is the design of educational programmes that promote the comprehensive development of students

Models of Attention to Disability/Diversity and Tensions Associated with Their Implementation

Background: Inclusive education seeks to offer quality education to all students and also to respect the human rights of students with disabilities, as well as those who belong to vulnerable groups. Since inclusive education is located within the social model, which imposes demands that are very difficult to meet, it is worth reflecting on its possibilities of rigorous implementation in countries that do not have sufficient resources. State of the art: In this theoretical review article, in which the method of comparison of educational processes was used, the models of attention to disability/diversity are analyzed, emphasizing the interactive or psychosocial model, frequently ignored by some researchers, even though the processes of educational integration are based on it. In its most radical form, the social model requires focusing attention on disabling societies, thus running the risk of making the individual needs of some students invisible. Conclusions: To overcome the tensions caused by its implementation, the individual needs of some students must be addressed, and, at the same time, the maximum effort must be made to offer quality education to all students. In other words, inclusive education must be implemented in a progressive and situated manner, based on the proposal of moderate inclusive education.Antecedentes: con la educación inclusiva se busca ofrecer una educación de calidad a todo el alumnado y además respetar los derechos humanos de aquel con discapacidad y el de condición de vulnerabilidad. Al ubicarse la educación inclusiva dentro del modelo social que impone exigencias difíciles de cumplir, conviene reflexionar acerca de sus posibilidades de implementación rigurosa en países que no cuentan con suficientes recursos. Estado del arte: en este artículo de revisión teórica, en el que se empleó el método de comparación de procesos educativos, se analizan los modelos de atención a la discapacidad/diversidad enfatizando el modelo interactivo o psicosocial, frecuentemente ignorado por algunos investigadores, a pesar de que los procesos de integración educativa se basan en este. En su modalidad más radical, el modelo social exige centrar la atención en las sociedades discapacitantes, con lo cual se corre el riesgo de invisibilizar las necesidades individuales de algunos estudiantes. Conclusiones: para superar las tensiones provocadas por su implementación, se debe atender a las necesidades individuales de algunos alumnos y, al mismo tiempo, hacer el máximo esfuerzo por ofrecer una educación de calidad a todo el alumnado. En otras palabras, la educación inclusiva se debe implementar de manera progresiva y situada, a partir de la propuesta de la educación inclusiva moderada.Background: Inclusive education seeks to offer quality education to all students and also to respect the human rights of students with disabilities, as well as those who belong to vulnerable groups. Since inclusive education is located within the social model, which imposes demands that are very difficult to meet, it is worth reflecting on its possibilities of rigorous implementation in countries that do not have sufficient resources. State of the art: In this theoretical review article, in which the method of comparison of educational processes was used, the models of attention to disability/diversity are analyzed, emphasizing the interactive or psychosocial model, frequently ignored by some researchers, even though the processes of educational integration are based on it. In its most radical form, the social model requires focusing attention on disabling societies, thus running the risk of making the individual needs of some students invisible. Conclusions: To overcome the tensions caused by its implementation, the individual needs of some students must be addressed, and, at the same time, the maximum effort must be made to offer quality education to all students. In other words, inclusive education must be implemented in a progressive and situated manner, based on the proposal of moderate inclusive education

Construction and Validation of a Scale to Measure Antifeminist Attitudes

Background: One of the consequences of the widespread growth of feminism in the West has been the emergence of reactionary movements. These anti-feminist movements, with intense participation among young men, affirm that feminism seeks to violate male rights while reinforcing sexist and misogynistic ideals. Some people may oppose feminism due to misunderstandings about its goals, while others may hold more deeply rooted beliefs against gender equality. Despite the relevance of the topic, there are few works in general dedicated to tracing the attitudes that sustain antifeminism. Objective: The present study, conducted in Argentina, aims to build and validate an Antifeminist Attitudes Scale in Rioplatense Spanish. Method: The sample consisted of a total of 2171 subjects. A test was conducted to explore factors in one sample, followed by confirmatory analysis in another sample. Convergent validity was assessed by correlating with the Gender Role Identity scale, and gender disparities in antifeminist attitudes were examined. Results: The scale demonstrates an optimal degree of fit, good convergent validity, and a significant difference between men and women about the constructed scale. Results showed that men (vs. women) had higher scores in anti-feminism. Conclusion: he article presents the development and validation of a tool designed to assess antifeminist attitudes.Antecedentes: una de las consecuencias del crecimiento generalizado del feminismo en Occidente ha sido la aparición de movimientos reaccionarios. Estos movimientos antifeministas, con una intensa participación de jóvenes varones, afirman que el feminismo busca violar los derechos masculinos mientras refuerzan ideales sexistas y misóginos. Algunas personas pueden oponerse al feminismo debido a malentendidos sobre sus objetivos, mientras que otras pueden tener creencias más arraigadas en contra de la igualdad de género. A pesar de la relevancia del tema, existen pocos estudios dedicados a rastrear las actitudes que sostienen el antifeminismo. Objetivo: el presente estudio, realizado en Argentina, tiene como objetivo construir y validar una escala de actitudes antifeministas en español rioplatense. Método: la muestra consistió en un total de 2171 sujetos. Se realizó una prueba para explorar factores en una muestra, seguida de un análisis confirmatorio en otra. Se evaluó la validez convergente correlacionando con la escala de identidad de rol de género, y se examinaron las disparidades de género en las actitudes antifeministas. Resultados: la escala demuestra un grado óptimo de ajuste, buena validez convergente y una diferencia significativa entre hombres y mujeres respecto a la escala construida. Conclusión: los resultados mostraron que los hombres (vs. mujeres) obtuvieron puntuaciones más altas en antifeminismo.Background: One of the consequences of the widespread growth of feminism in the West has been the emergence of reactionary movements. These anti-feminist movements, with intense participation among young men, affirm that feminism seeks to violate male rights while reinforcing sexist and misogynistic ideals. Some people may oppose feminism due to misunderstandings about its goals, while others may hold more deeply rooted beliefs against gender equality. Despite the relevance of the topic, there are few works in general dedicated to tracing the attitudes that sustain antifeminism. Objective: The present study, conducted in Argentina, aims to build and validate an Antifeminist Attitudes Scale in Rioplatense Spanish. Method: The sample consisted of a total of 2171 subjects. A test was conducted to explore factors in one sample, followed by confirmatory analysis in another sample. Convergent validity was assessed by correlating with the Gender Role Identity scale, and gender disparities in antifeminist attitudes were examined. Results: The scale demonstrates an optimal degree of fit, good convergent validity, and a significant difference between men and women about the constructed scale. Results showed that men (vs. women) had higher scores in anti-feminism. Conclusion: he article presents the development and validation of a tool designed to assess antifeminist attitudes

Risk behaviors and dietary self-regulation in university students of health sciences

Background: Eating Behavior Disorders (ED) negatively affect physical and mental health. College students have a high prevalence of risk behaviors for ED. Self-regulation of eating habits favors healthy practices. Objective: to evaluate the relationship between risk behaviors for ED and self-regulation of eating habits in CUAltos Health Sciences students. Method: descriptive correlational, cross-sectional and analytical study. A total of 224 firstyear students participated (76.3% women, mean age = 18.69 years). The Eating Habits Self-Regulation Scale, the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26) and the Stunkard silhouette method were applied. Chi-square tests, correlation analysis and simple linear regression were performed. Results: 37.1% of the students presented adequate self regulation; 75.9% did not present risk behaviors; differences were observed in risk behaviors for TCA between Nutrition and other degrees, standing out in comparison with Nursing, Pharmaceutical Chemist-Biologist and Psychology. Conclusion: there are differences in the patterns of selfregulation and risk behaviors for ACT among the different undergraduate programs in Health Sciences at CUAltos.  Antecedentes: los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria (TCA) afectan negativamente la salud física y mental. Los universitarios presentan alta prevalencia de conductas de riesgo asociadas con los TCA. La autorregulación de hábitos alimentarios favorece prácticas saludables. Objetivo: evaluar la relación entre las conductas de riesgo para los TCA y la autorregulación de los hábitos alimentarios en estudiantes de Ciencias de la Salud del CUAltos. Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo-correlacional, transversal y analítico. Participaron 224 estudiantes de primer ingreso (76.3% mujeres; edad media = 18.69 años). Se aplicaron la Escala de Autorregulación de Hábitos Alimentarios, el Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26, por sus siglas en inglés) y el método de siluetas de Stunkard. Se realizaron pruebas de chi-cuadrado, análisis de correlación y regresión lineal simple. Resultados: el 37.1% de los estudiantes presentó una autorregulación adecuada, mientras que el 24.1% mostró conductas de riesgo. Se observaron diferencias en las conductas de riesgo para TCA entre las Licenciaturas de Nutrición, Enfermería, QFB y Psicología. Conclusión: existen diferencias en los patrones de autorregulación y en las conductas de riesgo para TCA entre las distintas licenciaturas de Ciencias de la Salud del CUAltosBackground: Eating Behavior Disorders (ED) negatively affect physical and mental health. College students have a high prevalence of risk behaviors for ED. Self-regulation of eating habits favors healthy practices. Objective: to evaluate the relationship between risk behaviors for ED and self-regulation of eating habits in CUAltos Health Sciences students. Method: descriptive correlational, cross-sectional and analytical study. A total of 224 firstyear students participated (76.3% women, mean age = 18.69 years). The Eating Habits Self-Regulation Scale, the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26) and the Stunkard silhouette method were applied. Chi-square tests, correlation analysis and simple linear regression were performed. Results: 37.1% of the students presented adequate self regulation; 75.9% did not present risk behaviors; differences were observed in risk behaviors for TCA between Nutrition and other degrees, standing out in comparison with Nursing, Pharmaceutical Chemist-Biologist and Psychology. Conclusion: there are differences in the patterns of selfregulation and risk behaviors for ACT among the different undergraduate programs in Health Sciences at CUAltos.

Invalidating childhood environment, adult distress, and emotional regulation: A mediational model

Background: Studies indicate that the invalidating environment experienced by adults in childhood is associated with distress; recent findings suggest that this relationship could be mediated by emotional regulation. Objective: To explore whether emotional regulation strategies (cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression) mediate the relationship between two types of invalidating childhood environments (paternal and maternal) and distress in university students. Method: A cross-sectional study involving 312 adults from a university in Lima. The mean age of study participants was 22.4 years, and 70.82% were women. The Short Version of the ICES Scale, the Simplified Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ-CA-9), and the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) were used. Mediation analysis was performed using structural equation modeling (SEM) using estimation maximum likelihood robust (MLR) and the bootstrap technique (5000 samples). Results: An indirect effect of the invalidating childhood environment on distress was found through expressive suppression, which was significant for maternal and paternal childhood invalidation; however, cognitive reappraisal did not show a significant effect as a mediating variable. Conclusion: Maternal and paternal childhood invalidation is associated with greater distress, partially explained by expressive suppression.Antecedentes: estudios indican que el entorno de invalidación sufrido por el adulto en su infancia presenta una asociación con el distrés psicológico; hallazgos recientes sugieren que esta relación podría estar mediada por la regulación emocional. Objetivo: explorar si las estrategias de regulación emocional (reevaluación cognitiva y supresión expresiva) median la relación entre dos tipos de ambiente invalidante infantil (paternal y maternal) y el distrés en universitarios. Método: se realizó un estudio transversal en el que participaron 312 adultos de una universidad de Lima, la edad media de los participantes del estudio fue de 22.4 años y el 70.82% fueron mujeres. Se empleó la Short Version of the ICES Scale, el Simplified Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ-CA-9) y el Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4). El análisis de mediación se realizó con el modelamiento de ecuaciones estructurales (SEM), usando una estimación robusta (MLR) y la técnica bootstrap (5000 muestras). Resultados: se evidenció que existe un efecto indirecto del ambiente invalidante infantil sobre el distrés a través de la supresión expresiva, el cual fue significativo en la invalidación infantil paternal y maternal; sin embargo, la reevaluación cognitiva no mostró un efecto significativo como variable mediadora. Conclusión: la invalidación infantil maternal y paternal se asocian con un mayor distrés, explicándose parcialmente por la supresión expresiva.Background: Studies indicate that the invalidating environment experienced by adults in childhood is associated with distress; recent findings suggest that this relationship could be mediated by emotional regulation. Objective: To explore whether emotional regulation strategies (cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression) mediate the relationship between two types of invalidating childhood environments (paternal and maternal) and distress in university students. Method: A cross-sectional study involving 312 adults from a university in Lima. The mean age of study participants was 22.4 years, and 70.82% were women. The Short Version of the ICES Scale, the Simplified Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ-CA-9), and the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) were used. Mediation analysis was performed using structural equation modeling (SEM) using estimation maximum likelihood robust (MLR) and the bootstrap technique (5000 samples). Results: An indirect effect of the invalidating childhood environment on distress was found through expressive suppression, which was significant for maternal and paternal childhood invalidation; however, cognitive reappraisal did not show a significant effect as a mediating variable. Conclusion: Maternal and paternal childhood invalidation is associated with greater distress, partially explained by expressive suppression

Affective impact of cognitive training in individuals with cognitive impairment

Background: This study presents a systematic review of the effects of computerised cognitive training on emotional regulation in adults with cognitive impairment. State of the art: Fifteen randomised controlled trials published between 2004 and 2024 were analysed, involving clinical populations with various conditions, including multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, psychosis, schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease, stroke, and cancer. The findings indicate that these interventions not only enhance cognitive functions such as memory, attention, and executive functions but also produce significant benefits in the affective domain, particularly in reducing symptoms of depression and anxiety. Greater effectiveness was observed when programmes included executive components and when combined with pharmacological treatment or implemented as multicomponent interventions. Moreover, the use of technologies such as virtual reality appeared to strengthen both cognitive and emotional outcomes. However, the heterogeneity of samples and intervention protocols limits the generalisability of the findings, and in some cases, a potential ceiling effect was identified. Conclusions: The review concludes that computerised cognitive training is a promising tool for addressing both cognitive decline and its affective consequences. Further research using more homogeneous samples and longitudinal designs is recommended to better understand the mechanisms involved and the long-term sustainability of the observed effects.Antecedentes: este estudio presenta una revisión sistemática sobre los efectos del entrenamiento cognitivo computarizado en la regulación emocional de adultos con deterioro cognitivo. Estado del arte: se analizaron quince ensayos controlados aleatorizados publicados entre 2004 y 2024, abarcando poblaciones clínicas con diversas patologías, como esclerosis múltiple, enfermedad de Alzheimer, psicosis, esquizofrenia, enfermedad de Parkinson, accidentes cerebrovasculares y cáncer. Los resultados indican que estas intervenciones no solo mejoran funciones cognitivas como la memoria, atención y funciones ejecutivas, sino que también generan beneficios significativos en el ámbito afectivo, especialmente, en la reducción de síntomas depresivos y ansiosos. Se identificó una mayor eficacia cuando los programas incluían componentes ejecutivos, así como en formatos multicomponente o combinados con tratamiento farmacológico. Además, el uso de tecnologías como la realidad virtual potenció los efectos positivos tanto a nivel cognitivo como emocional. Sin embargo, la heterogeneidad de las muestras y de los protocolos utilizados limita la generalización de los hallazgos y, en algunos casos, se identificó un posible efecto techo. Conclusiones: se concluye que el entrenamiento cognitivo computarizado constituye una herramienta prometedora para abordar de forma integral el deterioro cognitivo y su impacto afectivo. Asimismo, se recomienda el desarrollo de futuras investigaciones con muestras más homogéneas y diseños  longitudinales.Background: This study presents a systematic review of the effects of computerised cognitive training on emotional regulation in adults with cognitive impairment. State of the art: Fifteen randomised controlled trials published between 2004 and 2024 were analysed, involving clinical populations with various conditions, including multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, psychosis, schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease, stroke, and cancer. The findings indicate that these interventions not only enhance cognitive functions such as memory, attention, and executive functions but also produce significant benefits in the affective domain, particularly in reducing symptoms of depression and anxiety. Greater effectiveness was observed when programmes included executive components and when combined with pharmacological treatment or implemented as multicomponent interventions. Moreover, the use of technologies such as virtual reality appeared to strengthen both cognitive and emotional outcomes. However, the heterogeneity of samples and intervention protocols limits the generalisability of the findings, and in some cases, a potential ceiling effect was identified. Conclusions: The review concludes that computerised cognitive training is a promising tool for addressing both cognitive decline and its affective consequences. Further research using more homogeneous samples and longitudinal designs is recommended to better understand the mechanisms involved and the long-term sustainability of the observed effects

Psychometric Properties of the Relationship Satisfaction Scale (SCR) in Emerging Adults

Background: Couple relationships are fundamental in human development, influencing emotional well-being and quality of life. Emerging adulthood (18-29 years) is characterized by the search for identity and the formation of stable affective bonds. Objective: To determine the psychometric properties of the adapted version of the SCR in emerging adults of Ñuble. Method: Quantitative, nonexperimental, cross-sectional and ex post facto exploratory study, with a sample of 212 emerging adults obtained by non-probabilistic convenience sampling. Satisfaction was evaluated with a 4-point Likert scale, measuring the degree of agreement with each statement. Results: The adapted scale showed high content validity (CVI = 1.00) and high internal reliability (α = .90). Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) validated the structure obtained, with adequate fit indices (CFI = .98, TLI = .97, RMSEA = .07), confirming the consistency of the model. Conclusion: Hypothesis H1 is supported, the adapted SCR scale is valid and reliable to assess satisfaction in relationships in emerging adults in Ñuble, in coherence with previous studies.Antecedentes: las relaciones de pareja son fundamentales en el desarrollo humano, influyendo en el bienestar emocional y la calidad de vida. La adultez emergente (18-29 años) se caracteriza por la búsqueda de identidad y la formación de vínculos afectivos estables. Objetivo: determinar las propiedades psicométricas de la versión adaptada de la SCR en adultos emergentes de Ñuble. Método: estudio cuantitativo, no experimental, transversal con una muestra de 212 adultos emergentes obtenida mediante muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia. La satisfacción se evaluó con una escala Likert de 4 puntos, midiendo el grado de acuerdo con cada afirmación. Resultados: la escala adaptada mostró alta validez de contenido (IVC = 1.00) y confiabilidad interna elevada (α = .90). El análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC) validó la estructura obtenida, con índices de ajuste adecuados (CFI = .98; TLI = .97; RMSEA = .07), confirmando la coherencia del modelo. Conclusión: se respalda la hipótesis H1, la escala SCR adaptada es válida y confiable para evaluar la satisfacción en relaciones de pareja en adultos emergentes de Ñuble, en coherencia con estudios previos.Background: Couple relationships are fundamental in human development, influencing emotional well-being and quality of life. Emerging adulthood (18-29 years) is characterized by the search for identity and the formation of stable affective bonds. Objective: To determine the psychometric properties of the adapted version of the SCR in emerging adults of Ñuble. Method: Quantitative, nonexperimental, cross-sectional and ex post facto exploratory study, with a sample of 212 emerging adults obtained by non-probabilistic convenience sampling. Satisfaction was evaluated with a 4-point Likert scale, measuring the degree of agreement with each statement. Results: The adapted scale showed high content validity (CVI = 1.00) and high internal reliability (α = .90). Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) validated the structure obtained, with adequate fit indices (CFI = .98, TLI = .97, RMSEA = .07), confirming the consistency of the model. Conclusion: Hypothesis H1 is supported, the adapted SCR scale is valid and reliable to assess satisfaction in relationships in emerging adults in Ñuble, in coherence with previous studies