Western psychology and eastern psycho-spirituality in dialogue: A comparative analysis of Freudian structural model of the psyche and Triguna model of the Bhagavad Gita

Background: This article attempts to examine the shared perspectives of Sanatan Psycho-spiritual theory and Freud’s psychoanalytic theory apropos of the construction of human personality. The objective of this article is to demonstrate how a theological text, composed approximately 5,000 years ago, articulates key concepts that exhibit remarkable parallels with modern psychological theories, which are grounded in empirical inquiry and theoretical speculation. By examining these intersections, this study aims to contribute to the development of an interdisciplinary framework, bridging ancient philosophical thought with contemporary psychological discourse and opening new avenues for scholarly exploration. Methods: By examining the concept of Tri-Guna alongside Freudian Structural Model of the Psyche, the study aims to foreground how Eastern and Western paradigms participating in a dialogue can offer complementary understandings of human psychology and psycho-spirituality. Findings: Operating from this perspective, this article uncovers the deeper philosophical and psychological underpinnings common to both Freudian and Satan Psycho-spiritual school of thought, focusing on the concepts of Tamas, Rajas, and Sattva, and their Western equivalents – Id, Ego, and Superego. Conclusion: The comparative analysis of the Bhagavad Gita’s concept of Tri-gunas and Freud’s structural model of the psyche reveals a shared perspective that human personality and behavior are fundamentally shaped by underlying biological constructs. This framework highlights the intricate entanglement of Determinism and Free Will within both schools of thought. Novelty/Originality of this article: By disentangling these connections, this paper proposes to offer new insights into how Eastern and Western thought systems converge in their understanding of human nature, mind and psyche and the pursuit of an equanimous-mind. The comparisons in this article shed light on the intricacy and entanglement between Determinism and Free Will, introducing new coordinates for dialogue between the Western model of the psyche and Eastern psycho-spirituality, fostering a discourse that will deepen our perspectives and contribute to the advancement of psychological scholarship

Examining the variables influencing religious leaders' interest in Bhagavad Gita studies: A case study of susut sub-district

Background: The Bhagavad Gita is a sacred text in the Hindu tradition that contains teachings about duty (dharma), devotion (bhakti), wisdom (jnana), and discipline (yoga). This research aims to understand the factors that influence the interest of Pemangku (Hindu priests) in Susut District, Bangli Regency, Bali, in studying the Bhagavad Gita. Methods: Using qualitative research methods, data were obtained through a combination of open and closed questionnaires comprising 34 questions. Finding: The research results show that the majority of Pemangku have undergraduate education (30%) and junior high school education (30%), with 50% of them having never read the Bhagavad Gita. The primary motivations for those who study the Bhagavad Gita are self-development, spiritual improvement, and facing life challenges. Despite high interest, the Pemangku face obstacles such as limited access to learning resources (50%) and difficulty understanding the contents of the text without guidance. The discussion reveals the importance of a structured learning approach involving mentors or teachers and strengthening social support in the learning process. Additionally, adaptive and accessible learning methods need to be developed to bridge the gap between ancient texts and modern life contexts. Conclusion This research concludes that the interest of Pemangku in the Bhagavad Gita is influenced by educational background, personal motivation, learning methods, and access to learning resources. Recommendations are provided to improve the accessibility and quality of learning this sacred text in the future

International marriage migration from Thailand to India: The socio-cultural and religious intermediary in the digital era

Background: This qualitative study examines the factors driving the international marriage migration of Thai women to Indian men in the digital age, focusing on how socio-cultural and religious themes are expressed through their YouTube channels and Facebook pages. Methods The research uses a desktop methodology to analyze secondary data, including publicly available videos, posts, comments, and interactions from six selected YouTube channels, each boasting over 100,000 views and active user communities relevant to the topic. Data collection occurred from September to November 2024. The study integrates concepts from globalization, Robert Sternberg’s Triangle Theory of Love, intercultural communication, identity, and diaspora to dissect these dynamics by content analysis. Key findings include the stages of meeting and falling in love, the adaptation process to new family environments, and content produced on social media addressing themes like food culture, religious practices, cultural values, and child-rearing methods. The audience's reflections on these topics were also analyzed. Finding: Although India's population of Thai wives is relatively small, their YouTube and social media platforms have attracted international attention. This visibility can foster greater socio-cultural and religious understanding between India and Thailand, promoting interconnectedness and cooperation in the region. If the Thai embassy and consulates in India were to facilitate a network for these Thai wives, they could effectively champion “Thainess” within the context of “Indianness.” As “civilian ambassadors,” these women could enhance cultural diplomacy between the two nations, contributing to stronger ties and mutual respect. Conclusion: No studies have investigated Thai wives in India functioning as YouTubers. This research underscores the meaningful and authentic socio-cultural and religious perspectives disseminated by these women through digital channels, perspectives largely unacknowledged within the Thai context.

Rejang Pedawa dance as a medium for ethnopedagogical-based adolescent learning

Background: The ethno-pedagogical-based educational approach serves as a medium for the socialization of cultural values, as it contains local content that assists individuals in their social lives. Ethnopedagogical education becomes a variant of the learning process that is conducted by studying local arts in each region. One of these local arts is the Rejang Dance of Pedawa Village. This dance contains cultural values that can provide behavioral orientation to the people of Pedawa Village, especially young women. This research aims to analyze the existence of the Rejang Dance of Pedawa Village as an ethno-pedagogical basis that can be optimized in developing the character of young women. Methods: Research on the Rejang Dance of Pedawa Village as a medium for developing adolescent character based on ethno-pedagogy using a qualitative approach. The data analysis techniques from this research consist of data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and conclusions. This research uses a data collection process consisting of interviews, observations, and document studies. Findings: Dance is considered to develop social, emotional, and cognitive intelligence. Learning dance can serve as a medium for improving social intelligence because its teaching emphasizes interaction within learning groups. The desire to continue learning will also shape the character of "self-regulation," where individuals can control themselves and evaluate themselves. The actions and solutions created are not merely formalities but hold significance. Through non-formal educational institutions (traditional villages), character-building youth have the responsible freedom to take all kinds of actions, that are oriented towards the public. Action becomes an embodiment, that students as learners have a contextual orientation, what is obtained is not only enjoyed theoretically but also implemented practically. This is the habitus and utility of education in building students' character in the dimension of "cultural capital." Conclusion: On the other hand, the existence of art attraction can also be used to improve character values for teenage girls. Novelty/Originality of this article: In Ethno pedagogy, the Rejang Dance of Pedawa Village can be seen as an opportunity to instill character and emotional values by integrating traditional elements into character-based learning elements

The existence of Pelinggih Ratu Niang Sakti as an environmental conservation effort in supporting Sad Kertih Loka Bali

Introduction: This study discusses Pelinggih Ratu Niang Sakti as an environmental preservation effort in supporting Sad Kertih Loka Bali. Hindus in Bali have literature on the preservation of the inner environment, which is used in ceremonies such as Bhuta yadnya, ceremonies on tumpek bubuh or tumpek pengatag days, and Tri Hita Karana teachings. In addition, the problem of the natural environment, especially with regard to waste, is still a problem that has not been resolved. One form of environmental preservation that is carried out indirectly is the existence of the Ratu Niang Sakti temple. Methods: This study is analyzed using the Ethnographic Content Analysis (ECA) method and the data is presented in qualitative form. Finding: The existence of Pelinggih Ratu Niang Sakti as an environmental conservation effort in supporting Sad Kertih Loka Bali includes three things, namely (1) as a harmonizer of Tri Hita Karana teachings; (2) as biological preservation, and Hindu theo-ecology; and (3) supporting Sad Kertih Loka Bali, especially in the field of wana kertih. Conclusion: From the point of view of Hindu Theo-ecology, the existence of Pelinggih Ratu Niang Sakti is also related to efforts to preserve the natural environment, such as wana kerthi, which means glorifying forests and trees in Bali. The large trees that accompany the Pelinggih Ratu Niang Sakti, especially the kepuh tree (Sterculia foiteda), a type of kapok or randu tree that is tall with a towering trunk, is often found in the coastal forests of Bali and also in Jav

Overcoming the problems of translating vedic literature in indonesian language through sri aurobindo's vedic interpretation method

Background: The Vedas are the earliest texts known to humanity. Given their status as an ancient text, as well as the loss of Vedic knowledge over the centuries, it is unsurprising that understanding them presents a significant challenge to modern readers, particularly in terms of their use of archaic language, symbols, and parables. As a result, there is a significant discrepancy between the interpretation of the Vedas by the Vedic people and by modern scholars. Meanwhile, in the modern era, Western scholars engage in research and translation of the Vedas without fully grasping their significance as perceived by the Rishis. This presents a challenge in attempting to comprehend the Vedic texts. Accordingly, the objective of any translation of sacred literature must be to bridge this interpretive gap and to retain the significance of the original words. Methods: In Hinduism, as some of the archaic words, some of which only appear once and constitute around 25% of the Vedas, disappeared from common usage, the method of translation and interpretation of these words was first developed by Yāska, and added on to by Sāyaṇa. It is therefore crucial to gain an understanding of, and to develop the skills of, these three individuals. Focusing on more recent times, Sri Aurobindo (who died in 1950) provided more practical and accessible guidance for the present era. His method of Vedic interpretation is a synthesis of linguistic proficiency as delineated in Nirukta, an appreciation for symbolism, and an understanding of psychological principles, thereby ensuring that the words of the Vedas retain their capacity to resonate with individuals on a personal level. Findings: This entails a comprehensive examination that encompasses a profound grasp of the symbolism, philosophy, and spiritual intent enshrined in the Vedas. Sri Aurobindo's approach integrates symbolic interpretation with a broad cosmic vision, thereby enabling the translator to capture the spiritual core of the sacred text while remaining faithful to its original context. Conclusion: Furthermore, this method considers the relevance and applicability of Vedic teachings in contemporary Indonesian culture

The religious legacy of śiwa-buddha at Kalibukbuk temple, Buleleng: A historical and religious approach

Background: This study explores the religious legacy of Śiwa-Buddha at Kalibukbuk Temple in Buleleng, aiming to highlight the historical and religious aspects that contribute to its significance. The integration of Śiwa and Buddha traditions in Balinese religious culture reflects the island’s parallel religious landscape, particularly during the Majapahit era. Previous studies have discussed the blending of Śiwa and Buddha elements in various Balinese temples, yet there is limited focused research on Kalibukbuk Temple. This study addresses this gap by analyzing historical records and religious texts, shedding light on how the Śiwa-Buddha harmonization shaped local religious practices. Methods: The research utilizes a qualitative method with a historical-analytical approach, combining literature review, field observations, and interviews with religious practitioners. Data collection involved an examination of temple inscriptions, carvings, and architecture to interpret symbolic elements related to Śiwa-Buddha teachings. A comparative analysis with similar temples in Bali was also conducted to emphasize common patterns and distinctive characteristics. Findings: The findings indicate that Kalibukbuk Temple serves as a cultural and spiritual focal point in Buleleng, with Śiwa-Buddha elements prominently reflected in its architectural design, deity iconography, and ritual practices. The temple’s inscriptions reveal a deliberate effort to harmonize Śaivism and Buddhism, which suggests an inclusive religious policy of the era. Furthermore, the study shows that this religious harmonization at Kalibukbuk facilitated greater social cohesion within the local community by bridging religious differences. Conclusion: In conclusion, the study reveals that the Kalibukbuk Temple's religious legacy illustrates a successful integration of Śiwa-Buddha traditions, reflecting Bali’s broader harmonized religious identity. Novelty/Originality of this article: The novelty of this research lies in its focused examination of a lesser-studied temple, providing fresh insights into Balinese religious history. This study contributes to the understanding of how religious harmonization played a vital role in shaping cultural and religious continuity in Bali

The importance of Sambhasa (debate method) for increasing the self-confidence of the younger generation of Hindu in Bali

Introduction: Sambhasa is the art of debate and logic in India, equipped with a structured debating method. Hindu followers have three ways to resolve issues: first is Vada (discussion), second is Samvada (dialogue), and third is Tarka (Debate). Debate is a highly intellectual and refined skill aimed at elevating Hindus from various impure beliefs and thoughts that can be detrimental to Hindu Dharma. Methods: His article represents the outcome of a textual research study that examines the content, meaning, structure, and discourse of texts. The author analyzes both published texts that have undergone text criticism and unpublished texts or manuscripts. Finding: Debating becomes a fascinating discipline, inclusive of pramana, which involves seeking fundamental truths through four methods of observation: pratyaksa, anumana, upamana, and sabda, recognized by the Nyaya system as the four valid sources of knowledge. Debate is an engaging activity for the youth believed to boost confidence and shape positive character. Conclusion: However, a drawback lies in the dominance of participants who are confident and well-versed, overshadowing those who lack confidence and expertise in competitive debate

Ancient Indian epistemology and modern cognitive science: Exploring vedic insights in contemporary thought processes

Background: This article explores the connections between the concept of anviksiki in Hindu philosophy and theories in cognitive science, and how these principles can be applied in modern education. Anviksiki, which focuses on critical thinking and deep reflection, is considered to have strong relevance to cognitive science concepts such as information processing, perception, and decision-making. Methods: The method used in this research is literature study and comparative analysis, by reviewing various literatures that discuss Hindu philosophy and cognitive science in depth. The analysis shows that anviksiki can provide an additional perspective in understanding how humans think and process information, especially in the context of moral and ethical reflection. Finding: In education, the principle of anviksiki that emphasises self-reflection and critical thinking can enrich students' learning process. This concept supports active learning methods that allow students to construct their own understanding, in a way that is in line with Piaget's theory of constructivism. In addition, cognitive science provides practical insights into information processing and memory, which can be used to design more effective teaching strategies. Conclusion: The conclusion of this study confirms that anviksiki can be integrated with cognitive science to create a holistic approach to education, which enriches intellectual, ethical and reflective aspects. By combining Hindu wisdom and cognitive science insights, education can support the development of balanced individuals, who are able to think critically and understand the moral consequences of their decisions. This research reveals that Anviksiki, as a philosophy of critical thinking in the Hindu tradition, has strong relevance to concepts in modern cognitive science, particularly in analytic approaches, logic, and deductive methods. Thus, the heritage of Hindu thought not only demonstrates traditional wisdom but also presents a philosophical foundation that supports contemporary cognitive exploration. Novelty/Originality of this article: This research offers a new perspective by bridging the ancient philosophy of Anviksiki with modern cognitive science, demonstrating the continuity of concepts in the critical thinking process involving logical analysis and deductive methods. It provides new insights in understanding the contribution of the Hindu tradition of thought to the development of cognitive theory today

Cosmopsychism in the bhagavad gita: Exploring consciousness in the cosmos

Background: Vedic knowledge, drawn from ancient texts like the Vedas and the Bhagavad Gita, offers a deep understanding of consciousness and its place in the universe. Methods: These scriptures emphasize that consciousness isn't just a result of brain functions but a fundamental element of existence throughout the cosmos. Findings: The Bhagavad Gita, widely acclaimed as a philosophical and spiritual masterpiece, offers deep wisdom on consciousness and the universe. A fascinating concept explored in the Gita is cosmopsychism—the idea that the cosmos possesses consciousness. Conclusion: This article explores cosmopsychism as depicted in the Bhagavad Gita, analyzing its themes and teachings that suggest a universe filled with consciousness