Kogakuin University Repository

熊谷, さき

本間, 胡凪

髙橋, 陽菜

布が防ぐ紫外線　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 髙橋陽菜、本間胡凪、熊谷さき背景・目的・紫外線を長時間浴びることによって健康への悪影響（皮膚がん、白内障、免疫機能の低下）があることを知り、紫外線対策について調べた。そのときに、紫外線を防ぐためには衣服やカーテンなどでは、どのような繊維の布を身につけ、利用すればよいのか疑問に思った。・同じ布でも工夫次第でより紫外線を防ぐことはできるのか疑問に思った。研究の方法○紫外線ライトに布を被せ、一定時間（30秒）紫外線量を測れるセンサーにあてる※調べる布の種類は以下の通り　　・布なし　・綿（白･黒）　・レーヨン（白･黒）　・ポリエステル（白･黒）　・麻（白）○布の条件を変えて通す紫外線量を調べる　・そのまま　・水洗いした布を乾かしたもの(5回)考察・綿(白)は水洗い後の方が紫外線を防いでいたのは、水に濡らしたことによって素材が水を吸収し繊維が縮んだからだと考えられる・多くの布で大差は無い為、洗濯等によって紫外線をより防ぐということはあまり期待できない今後の展望・今回は水洗いしただけだったが、水や日光、摩擦による色落ちや日焼け、劣化などによる紫外線透過量の変化を調べてみたい。参考文献　　　https://f.osaka-kyoiku.ac.jp大阪教育大学附属天王寺中学校 自由研究〈第47集　2022〉よりすでに分かっていること・色や布の種類によって紫外線を防ぐ量は変わる・明るい色は紫外線を通しやすく、暗い色は紫外線を通しにくい結果仮説・布の状態によって紫外線を防ぐ量は変化する・天然繊維の布の方が化学繊維の布よりも変化が大きい結論・綿(白)は水洗い前より水洗い後の方が紫外線を防いだ・綿(白)以外の水洗い後の布の紫外線を防ぐ量は、水洗い前の布の紫外線を防ぐ量より僅かに多い・綿(白)はライトに当てた部分が斑点状に変色した・ポリエステルが最も紫外線を防いだC1　　　物理

Japanese

布が防ぐ紫外線

博士（工学）Doctor of Philosophy in Engineeringdoctoral thesi

望月, 千尋

モチヅキ, チヒロ

シーエーサクタイ　ヲ　モチイル　アパタイト　フンマツゴウセイ　オヨビ　ハクマクケイセイ　ト　セイタイコウソシキ　サイセイ　ヘノ　オウヨウ

服部, 慧

ドクダミの抗菌作用東京都立戸山高等学校 SSⅠ生物 １年 服部慧要旨  ドクダミの抗菌作用についてエタノールを基準に抗菌作用の強さを比較し、有効性を調べる。動機 低いエタノールの割合でも抗菌作用を示す消毒液を作るため方法1，指についていた細菌を液体培地の中で増やした。2，寒天培地を作り、液体培地を塗り付けた。3，濾紙に水、エタノール、エタノールを水で20倍、40倍エタノールにドクダミを漬け込んだもの、それを水で20倍，40倍にしたものをそれぞれ1ｍｌしみこませた。4，直径1㎝に丸く切り抜いた濾紙を一つのシャーレたり2枚入れた。5，1日ごとに濾紙をはがし指示円の広さを5ミリ四方のマス目何個かを記録した。（図１）6，それを各培地で3日間行った。7，水を含ませた濾紙は4枚、その他を含ませたものは各６枚であった。図１今後の課題：エタノールにドクダミを漬け込んだ場合に何がどのくらい溶けているのかを調べたい。またエタノールにドクダミを漬け込んだものを、さらに細かく１０倍刻みで薄めて効果があるのか調べ、またこれの限界がどのくらいなのかを調べたい。結果阻止円の大きさを調べたところ下記のようなデータを得た。阻止円の大きさの平均（図３）阻止円を示したものの割合（表１）図3表１ドクダミ＋エタノールのみですべてのシャーレで白いカビが発生したが指示円や濾紙と離れた場所にのみいたため実験を続行した。考察結果からエタノールにドクダミをつけたものよりエタノールのほうが一時的にはより抗菌作用が強かった。しかし、時間経過で阻止円が大きく縮んだことから時間によって抗菌作用が下がってしまうと考えられた。一方でドクダミ＋エタノールは時間経過によって阻止円が収縮するものが少なく、減少幅も小さかったことからより安定して抗菌作用を示していると考えた。これは、エタノールそのものの殺菌作用に加え、エタノール中に溶けだしたドクダミの成分がエタノールが蒸発した後も残り作用し続けたからだと考えられた。また、エタノールは薄めるにつれて阻止円を示す割合が下がったのに対してエタノール＋ドクダミは水で薄めても阻止円を示す割合が下がらなかったことから、エタノールに溶けていたドクダミの抗菌成分は40倍に薄めたとしてもある程度の抗菌性は維持されると考えられた。参考文献:ドクダミの殺菌・抗菌効果の解析 ー揮発性成分の有効性ー 芋川浩 山井ゆり 閲覧12/15https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050010293622896256病原体検出マニュアル 薬剤耐性菌 松井真里 閲覧12/15https://www.niid.go.jp/niid/images/lab-manual/Resistant20130104.pdf阻止円012345678阻止円の大きさの平均（マス）ｎ＝61日目 2日目 3日目

ドクダミの抗菌作用

Alina, Uusiku

SUMMARY OF THESIS Low temperature fabrication of functional thin films of copper oxide and metallic copper via spray coating: Study on effective use of locally produced copper in Namibia  Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Program ALINA UUSIKU  In this study, a molecular precursor aqueous solution was prepared by typical chemical synthesis and electrochemical methods, and sprayed on a quartz glass substrate at 180°C in air using a simple airbrush. Then, photocatalytic cuprous oxide (Cu2O) under visible light irradiation and conductive metallic copper (Cu) thin films were fabricated. The purpose of the study was to contribute to the industrialization of Namibian raw material through effective utilization of copper metal which is one of the Namibia’s main mineral resource.  First, aqueous ammonia solution containing copper formate was sprayed onto a quartz glass substrate kept at 180°C in air to fabricate Cu2O thin films with oxygen deficiency, which is an important factor for high photocatalytic activity. It was demonstrated that the oxygen deficient Cu2O thin film efficiently achieved the discoloration of methyl orange (MO) aqueous solution under visible light irradiation from a fluorescent lamp (0.45 mW cm–2). The the O-defect site was found in the Raman spectra of these photocatalytic active thin films. Next, a direct preparation method of Cu2O precursor aqueous solution from metallic copper was developed using an electrochemical method. A p-type Cu2O semiconductor thin film obtained by spraying coating an electrochemically prepared aqueous solution at 180°C in air was identical to that fabricated using solution from starting material of copper formate. Furthermore, it was found that by adding ethylenediamine-N, N, N’, N’-tetraacetic acid (EDTA) into the electrochemically prepared aqueous solution result in a thin film of Cu single phase with the conductivity of the order 10–3 Ω cm via spray coating under same condition. Heat treatment temperature of ca. 400°C and inert Ar gas were necessary for the formation of Cu2O and Cu thin film by a conventional MPM. However, this study achieved their formation only by spraying corresponding molecular precursor aqueous solutions onto substrate at 180°C in air.  This study consists of 6 chapters. Chapter 1 outline and summarized research background. Chapter 2 described the principles of characterization techniques for precursor aqueous solution and thin films, reagents used in the experiments and the equipment used for the measurement. Chapter 3 summarizes the low temperature fabrication and photocatalytic activity of spay coated p-type Cu2O thin films using chemically synthesized molecular precursor aqueous solutions. Chapter 4 describes the preparation of Cu2O precursor aqueous solution by electrochemical method, and Chapter 5 describes the selective formation of Cu2O and Cu thin film by spray coating electrochemically prepared molecular precursor aqueous solution. In chapter 6, the research was summarized, its future development was proposed and described. A summary of each chapter is given below.   CHAPTER 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION Thin films can impart various functions such as electrical, magnetic, and optical to the material surface. From the viewpoint of resource and energy saving, such functional thin film is very important for the sustainable development which satisfies the needs of both present and next generation. Methods for the formation of a functional thin film can be roughly divided into a gas or liquid phase in which a raw material of a gas or liquid phase reacts with a substrate. In a gas phase method, the film is formed in the high vacuum which is necessary to transform the raw material into the gas phase state. On the other hand, the liquid phase method enables the formation of functional thin films without vacuum. The liquid phase formation process of functional thin films is also important for sustainable development. The molecular precursor method (MPM) is a wet chemical process for the formation of thin films of various metal oxides, metal and phosphate compounds by coating a precursor solution in which a metal complex is dissolved onto substrate followed by heat-treatment. It is based on the design of metal complexes in precursor solutions with excellent stability, homogeneity, miscibility and high coatability, amongst its many practical advantages. The formation of various metal oxide, phosphate compounds, and metal thin films has been reported by coating a precursor solution onto substrate using a spin coating method. The formation of Cu2O and metallic Cu thin film which are the main objective of this study has been previously reported. When fabricating these thin films by spin coating, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are generally used as solvents. However, industrially, VOCs free solvents are desired because of the risk of ignition and adverse effects on human health and ecosystem associated with VOCs. From such viewpoint, the formation of Cu2O and Cu thin films was attempted by preparing the molecular precursor aqueous solution and spraying it onto the substrate. Namibia is rich in resources such as diamond, uranium, gold, zinc, and copper. Copper in particular accounts for 50% of Namibia's annual export earnings. However, it is exported to foreign countries in its raw form for further processing into final products without being used in research and industrial fields inside the country. Therefore, it was considered that if functional thin films could be formed simply by using copper which is one of Namibia’s rich natural resources, it will not only contribute to the sustainable development but also became an important asset to its value addition and industrialization in Namibia. In this study, Cu2O precursor aqueous solution was prepared using metal salt as a starting material, and the formation of Cu2O thin film at low temperature in air was achieved. In addition, a molecular precursor aqueous solution prepared from metallic copper plate using an electrochemical method was sprayed onto a substrate at 180°C in air to achieve the formation of a highly functional Cu2O thin film and a conductive Cu thin film. The background and outline of these studies are summarized in Chapter 1.  CHAPTER 2: MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY Chapter 2, fully describes the preparation methods of precursor aqueous solution, the spray coating method for the preparation of thin films, the characterization and evaluation methods of formed thin films, and the measurement principles of measuring devices used under this study. The list of all chemical reagents, materials and equipment used is provided.  CHAPTER 3: Low Temperature Fabrication and Photocatalytic Activity of p-type Cu2O Thin Films by Molecular Precursor Method Single crystal of a p-type Cu2O semiconductor has a band gap of about 1.9-2.3 eV. Cu2O is one of the few p-type semiconductors among other oxides that absorbs visible light, therefore it is expected to be used as material for visible light-responsive photocatalysts and oxide solar cells. It is preference in those applications is due to its low toxicity, cost and minimum environmental loading. The fabrication of Cu2O thin films by the conventional molecular precursor method has been achieved using alcohol-based system precursor solution such as ethanol. This is the first report on the formation of Cu2O single phase thin film by liquid phase method via spray coating at 180°C in air. While even formation of p-type semiconductors by gas phase method shows some general difficulties. Previously, Cu2O thin film was formed by heat treatment of precursor film coated and dried on substrate by spin coating method, at 350°C in argon gas atmosphere. In Chapter 3, we prepared a novel Cu2O aqueous precursor solution, and examined whether it could form a thin film by spray coating it onto a substrate at 180°C in air. The photocatalytic activity of the formed thin film was examined under visible light irradiation. Specifically, the precursor aqueous solution were prepared in a diluted ammonia solution by dissolving Cu(II) formate and ammonium formate whose molar ratios to Cu(II) ion were 0, 2, 6 and 14. The aqueous precursor solution were sprayed onto a quartz glass substrate at 180°C in air using an airbrush to form thin films which adhered well to the substrate. The films formed were Cu2O single phase, and their Hall effect measurements showed that both films were p-type semiconductors. It was found that the films became thicker and porous with increasing ammonium formate content in the aqueous precursor solution. The photocatalytic activity of the thin films was investigated by a discoloration test with visible light irradiation on the films immersed in methyl orange aqueous solution. In the cases of the molar ratios at 6 and 14, the Cu2O thin films of 140 and 350 nm thickness respectively indicated a highly photocatalytic activity under visible-light irradiation of 0.45 mW cm–2, and the pseudo-first-order rate constants of 0.056 and 0.087 min–1 were respectively obtained by tracing the discoloration of a methyl orange solution. The O-defect site was found in the Raman spectra of these photocatalytic thin films whose adhesion strength onto the quartz substrate were larger than 5.6 N.  CHAPTER 4: Preparation of aqueous Cu2O precursor solution using electrochemical method In Chapter 4, the direct preparation of Cu2O precursor aqueous solution from metal copper plate was tried as a model of refined copper blister using electrochemical method. Concretely, ammonium formate aqueous solution was put into a glass vessel cell as an electrolytic solution, copper plates electrodes were immersed in electrolytic solution as both an anode and cathode, and a potential difference of 18 V was applied for 2 hours. The electrolytic solution changed from colorless to blue. However, precipitates thought to be copper hydroxide were formed in the solution. Additionally, two glass containers were connected through the partition of cellulose semipermeable membrane, ammonium formate aqueous solution and copper plate electrodes were placed in each glass container, and a potential difference of 18 V was applied. The aqueous solution in the anode glass vessel cell changed with time from colorless to blue, and no precipitation occurred. On the other hand, gas was generated from the copper plate without coloring the aqueous solution in the cathode glass vessel cell. The gas generated from the surface of cathode electrodes was identified as hydrogen. The absorption spectrum of the precursor aqueous solution obtained from the anode glass cell was in agreement with the absorption wavelength of the molecular precursor aqueous solution used in Chapter 3. Higher concentration of the Cu(II) complex was obtained in the precursor solution. Thus, an aqueous solution containing Cu(II) complex was obtained. The Cu2O precursor aqueous solution, was prepared in one step by an electrochemical method using metallic copper.  CHAPTER 5: Selective Low Temperature Fabrication of Cu and Cu2O Thin Films by Spray Application of Aqueous Solution Prepared by Electrochemical Method  The aqueous complex solution prepared in Chapter 4 was applied under the spray conditions of Chapter 3 to form a thin film. The formed thin films were Cu2O single-phase p-type semiconductors identical to those formed in Chapter 3. On the other hand, ethylenediamine-N, N, N ', N' -tetraacetic acid (EDTA) was added to the same aqueous solution containing Cu(II) complex, and the resultant spray solution was sprayed under the same conditions to form a thin film. The resulting thin film was of a single-phase metallic Cu with a thickness of 170 nm, and its electrical resistivity was 8.9(2) × 10–3 Ω cm. Its adhesion strength to the quartz glass substrate showed 12(7) MPa. It was clarified that the fabricated conductive metallic Cu thin film could be selectively formed by the addition of EDTA to the aqueous solution containing Cu(II). Thus, we have developed a method to directly prepare precursor aqueous solution from metallic copper by electrochemical method. In addition, either by using electrochemically prepared precursor solution itself or that obtained by the simple method of adding EDTA to it, the selective thin film formation of Cu2O semiconductor and metallic Cu could be achieved via spray coating at 180°C in the air.  CHAPTER 6: Summary and Future Developments In this study, molecular precursor aqueous solution prepared using synthetic chemical method and electrochemical method will be sprayed on the quartz glass substrate at 180°C in air, to achieve the formation of high-performance Cu2O thin film and conductive Cu thin film, respectively. In the future, the preparation of similar molecular precursor aqueous solution will be attempted using electrodes of crude copper mined and refined from Tsumeb mine in Namibia. The resultant solution will be used in the fabrication of catalytically active Cu2O thin film by visible light and conductive Cu thin film. The fabricated films will not only be considered to be applicable material in energy devices such as thin film solar cells and flexible electronic devices, but also for application such as their formation of antibacterial materials for environmental purification and immobilized photocatalysts.  PUBLICATIONS FROM THE MAJOR RESULTS 1. Alina Uusiku, Hiroki Nagai, and Mitsunobu Sato ‘’Highly photo-reactive p-type Cu2O thin films fabricated on a quartz glass substrate at 180°C in air, by spraying aqueous precursor solutions involving Cu(II) complexes.’’, Material Technology: Advanced Performance Materials”, 00, 1-12 (2019). 2. Alina Uusiku, Hiroki Nagai, and Mitsunobu Sato, ‘’Selective deposition of conductive Cu thin film at 180°C in air on a quartz glass substrate: Development of an aqueous spray solution using two-compartment electrolysis system.’’, Functional Material Letters”, full length article (Manuscript accepted for publication, 2020).  

English

スプレー　トフ　ニヨル　ドウサンカブツ　オヨビ　キンゾクドウ　キノウセイ　ハクマク　ノ　テイオン　ケイセイ －ナミビアサンドウ　ノ　ユウコウリヨウ　ニ　カンスル　ケンキュウ－

上原, 侑貴

研究動機美術と数学の関係性に関心があり、特に平面絵画においてどのように数学的要素が含まれているのか調べてみようと思ったから。絵画に使われている画面分割や構図において、以下の点から分析する。①比：描かれているものにある比、画面分割にある比②線：対角線や画面(絵画)を分割する線数学と美術東京都都立戸山高校 SSⅠ数学 上原侑貴検証内容今回は同じ時代の西洋絵画を中心に数学との関係性を調べたため、全く違う時代のものや美しさの考え方が違う地域とでは数学的にどんな違いや共通点がみられるのか調べていきたい。今後の展望参考文献・画面構成―セザンヌから北斎まで― 岩中徳次郎・構図法 名画に秘められた幾何学 シャルル・ブーロー・壁紙ギャラリー KAGIROHI結果・考察①比対角線を用いて画面分割をしたとき、構図(画面に描かれているものの配置や組み合わせ)が線対称、シンメトリーになっている絵画が多いと考えた。↓黄金螺旋モナ・リザ レオナルド・ダ・ヴィンチ 真珠の耳飾りの少女ヨハネス・フェルメール上図のレオナルド・ダ・ヴィンチの代表作のひとつ「モナ・リザ」で描かれている女性の顔の比やフェルメールの「真珠の耳飾りの少女」は黄金比とされている。「モナ・リザ」は口元、「真珠の耳飾りの少女」は左目が黄金螺旋の一番小さく収束しているところに配置されている。◦白銀比②線◦黄金螺旋◦対角線と画面分割・・・画面の等分が増加するほど対角線も多くなり、複雑な構図になっていく。アテネの学堂 ラファエロ・サンティ 最後の晩餐 レオナルド・ダ・ヴィンチ上の二つの絵画は対角線と等分によって画面分割をすると、対称的・シンメトリーな構図となっていることが分かる。また、この二つの絵画以外にも、シンメトリー構図をとるものが西洋絵画には多いことも分かった。それは、ヨーロッパではシンメトリーであることが美しいとされたため多く使われたと考えられる。→人間が美しいと感じる、近似値1:1.618の比率である黄金比が絵画と密接に関わっていると考えた。→黄金比同様人間が美しいと感じる、近似値1:1.1414の比率で、日本では神の比率とされ建築を中心に古くから用いられた。見返り美人図 菱川師宣右図の「見返り美人図」では、上半身と下半身の比率が1:1414となっている。他にも「鳥獣人物戯画」の中の動物の構図などに白銀比が用いられていた。これらのことから、すべてが意図的かは分からないが、絵画には黄金比や白銀比などの比率が用いられてきたと考えられる。対角線が交わるところは自然と人の視線が向かい、絵画においてはそれが重要な効果となっていると考えた。◦対角線による効果

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布が防ぐ紫外線

シーエーサクタイ　ヲ　モチイル　アパタイト　フンマツゴウセイ　オヨビ　ハクマクケイセイ　ト　セイタイコウソシキ　サイセイ　ヘノ　オウヨウ

ドクダミの抗菌作用

スプレー　トフ　ニヨル　ドウサンカブツ　オヨビ　キンゾクドウ　キノウセイ　ハクマク　ノ　テイオン　ケイセイ－ナミビアサンドウ　ノ　ユウコウリヨウ　ニ　カンスル　ケンキュウ－

数学と美術

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