Exercise Addiction and Sleep Quality in Female Volleyball Athletes

Uvod: Odbojka je ekipni sport gdje se natječu dvije ekipe, a svaku čini po šest igrača u terenu te izmjene. Specifičan je sport zbog samog načina igre i intenziteta te zahtjeva veliki broj tjelesnih vještina igrača zbog promjena tempa igre. Za vrijeme spavanja dolazi do integracije pamćenja i hormonalnih procesa. Smanjenja količina sna negativno utječe na lučenje hormona te se smanjuje sposobnost oporavka organizma. Kvalitetan san ima pozitivan učinak u početnim fazama učenja te dugoročnoj memoriji. Cilj: Utvrditi kvalitetu sna kod aktivnih odbojkašica te njihovu ovisnost o vježbanju. Metode: Za potrebe izrade završnog rada provedeno je istraživanje u obliku anketnog upitnika. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 52 ispitanika, a uzorak čine sportašice u odbojci koje su u trenažnom i natjecateljskom procesu. Kriteriji uključenja uključuju odbojkašice koje još uvijek treniraju i natječu se, a kriteriji isključenja su odbojkaši te odbojkašice mlađe od 14 godina. Anketni upitnik sastoji se od socioekonomskih podataka, Skale ovisnosti o vježbanju, Skale pobuđenosti prije spavanja te Pittsburgh-ovog indeksa kvalitete spavanja. Rezultati: Istraživanje je uspoređeno s nekoliko drugih studija ovisnosti o vježbanju i kvalitete sna kod sportaša u odbojci te ostalim timskim i individualnim sportovima. Rezultati pokazuju da sportaši imaju uglavnom dobru kvalitetu sna iako imaju ovisnost o vježbanju. Kvalitetan san kod sportašica u odbojci važan je dio rasta i razvoja. Kako bi san bio što kvalitetniji važno je paziti da na dođe do pretreniranosti, psihološkog stresa te da spavaju onoliko koliko je potrebno za njihovu dob i funkcioniranje. Rezultati ovog istraživanja ukazuju na važnost kvalitete sna i povećanog rizika od ovisnosti o vježbanju.Introduction: Volleyball is a team sport in which two teams compete, each consisting of six players on the court plus substitutes. It is a unique sport due to the style of play and intensity, requiring a wide range of physical skills from players because of frequent changes in game tempo. During sleep, memory integration and hormonal processes occur. A reduced amount of sleep negatively affects hormone secretion and decreases the body’s ability to recover. Quality sleep has a positive impact on the early stages of learning and long-term memory. Objective: To determine quality of sleep in active volleyball players and their exercise addiction. Methods: For the purpose of this thesis, a survey-based research study was conducted. The study included 52 participants, all of whom are female volleyball players actively engaged in training and competitive processes. Inclusion criteria included currently training and competing female volleyball athletes, while exclusion criteria ruled out male players and female players under the age of 14. The questionnaire consisted of demographic and socioeconomic data, the Exercise Dependence Scale, the Pre-Sleep Arousal Scale, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Results: The findings were compared with several other studies related to exercise dependence and sleep quality in volleyball athletes as well as athletes from other team and individual sports. The results indicate that athletes generally have good sleep quality despite showing signs of exercise dependence. Quality sleep is an essential component of growth and development in female volleyball players. To maintain optimal sleep quality, it is important to avoid overtraining, manage psychological stress, and ensure they get the appropriate amount of sleep for their age and needs. The results of this study highlight the importance of sleep quality and the increased risk of exercise dependence

Physiotherapy approach in multiple sclerosis

Multipla skleroza (MS) je kronična, upalna, autoimuna i demijelinizacijska bolest središnjeg živčanog sustava koja prvenstveno pogađa mlađe osobe, češće žene nego muškarce. Bolest je karakterizirana propadanjem mijelinske ovojnice neurona te ima dvije faze, a to su faza relapsa i faza remisije. Faza relapsa označava period pogoršanja bolesti, dok faza remisije označava mirovanje bolesti. Karakterizirana je i pojavom različitih kliničkih manifestacija kao što su poremećaji koordinacije, slabost mišića, problemi s hodom, umor, spastičnost i smetnje govora i vida. Multipla skleroza bolest je nepredvidivog tijeka i različitih oblika (relapsno-remitentni, primarno-progresivni, sekundarno-progresivni i progresivno-relapsni) te zahtijeva individualiziran, multidiscipliniran i holistički terapijski pristup. Jedan od temeljnih elemenata fizioterapijskog pristupa je individualna procjena funkcionalnog statusa pacijenta. Fizioterapijska procjena uključuje primjenu kliničkih testova za procjenu hoda, snage mišića, spastičnosti, ravnoteže i onesposobljenosti. Na temelju procjene izrađuje se plan terapije koji u obzir uzima specifične simptome, fazu bolesti, stupanj onesposobljenosti i opće zdravstveno stanje pacijenta. Fizioterapijske intervencije uključuju primjenu fizikalnih čimbenika, Bobath terapije, hipoterapije te primjenu i edukaciju o terapijskim vježbama. Terapijsko vježbanje ima ključnu ulogu u rehabilitaciji osoba s multiplom sklerozom. Provode se vježbe disanja, aerobne vježbe, vježbe istezanja, snage, ravnoteže, Frenkelove vježbe i vježbe za mišiće dna zdjelice. Cilj rehabilitacije osoba s multiplom sklerozom je očuvanje i poboljšanje funkcionalnih sposobnosti, povećanje samostalnosti i kvalitete života kao i usporavanje progresije simptoma.Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that primarily affects younger people, more often women than men. The disease is characterized by the deterioration of the myelin sheath of neurons and has two phases, namely the relapse phase and the remission phase. The relapse phase indicates a period of worsening of the disease, while the remission phase indicates a period of quiescence of the disease. It is also characterized by the appearance of various clinical manifestations such as coordination disorders, muscle weakness, gait problems, fatigue, spasticity and speech and vision disorders. Multiple sclerosis is a disease with an unpredictable course and different forms (relapsing-remitting, primary-progressive, secondary-progressive and progressive-relapsing) and requires an individualized, multidisciplinary and holistic therapeutic approach. One of the fundamental elements of the physiotherapy approach is the individual assessment of the patient's functional status. Physiotherapy assessment includes the use of clinical tests to assess gait, muscle strength, spasticity, balance and disability. Based on the assessment, a treatment plan is developed that takes into account the specific symptoms, stage of the disease, degree of disability and the patient's general health. Physiotherapy interventions include the application of electrotherapy, Bobath therapy, hippotherapy, and education of therapeutic exercises. Therapeutic exercise plays a key role in the rehabilitation of people with multiple sclerosis. Breathing exercises, aerobic exercises, stretching, strength, balance, Frenkel exercises and pelvic floor exercises are performed. The goal of rehabilitation of people with multiple sclerosis is to preserve and improve functional abilities, increase independence and quality of life, as well as slow down the progression of symptoms

Historical development of television

Rad se sastoji od 4 poglavlja uz uvod i zaključak. Uvod objašnjava osnovne informacije o televiziji. Prvo poglavlje „Radio“ objašnjava povijest radija, što je elektromagnetski val, koje osobe su ga otkrile i kada su ga primijenile te tko je osnovao prvu radio stanicu i kada. Drugo poglavlje „Analogni televizor“ opisuje mehanički televizor i njegovog izumitelja, dijelove analogne televizije i njihove izumitelje te prve televizijske postaje i godine emitiranja. Treće poglavlje „Digitalna televizija“ objašnjava kada i zašto je došlo do prijelaza na digitalnu televiziju i koje standarde su imale države u svijetu. Opisati će 5 vrsta televizije, kako funkcioniraju, što je Internet, tko i kada ga je razvio i tehnologije televizijskih ekrana. Četvrto poglavlje „Televizijski standardi i formati“ opisuje kako su se televizijski standardi mijenjali kroz povijest, čemu služe standardi, što je kompresija i vrste nosača video sadržaja. Zaključak nabraja najvažnije informacije o televiziji opisane u radu.The paper consists of four chapters, along with an introduction and a conclusion. The introduction explains the basic information about television. The first chapter, "Radio", explains the history of radio, what an electromagnetic wave is, which individuals discovered it and when it was applied, as well as who founded the first radio station and when. The second chapter, "Analog Television", describes the mechanical television and its inventor, the components of analog television and their inventors, as well as the first television stations and the years of their broadcasts. The third chapter, "Digital Television", explains when and why the transition to digital television occurred and which standards were used by countries around the world. It will describe five types of television, how they work, what the Internet is, who developed it and when, and technologies used in television screens. The fourth chapter, "Television Standards and Formats", describes how television standards have changed throughout history, what standards are used for, what compression is, and the types of video content carriers. The conclusion lists the most important information about television described in the paper

3D design of the splitting device

Ovim radom prikazana je naprava za cijepanje pomoću 3D softverskog alata SolidWorks. Temeljem analize trenutnog stanja na tržištu, uočeno je kako postoje različite vrste strojeva za cijepanje koji su iznimno važni za pripremu drva za ogrjev, ali također i veoma skupi. U izradi rada, za potrebe 3D crtanja naprave, korišten je program SolidWorks kojim je moguće dizajnirati funkcionalan i efikasan cjepač drva. Pomoću SolidWorksa prikazane su sve pojedinačne komponente te konačan sklop cjepača. Također, analizirani su i svi parametri dizajna poput dimenzija, materijala, sigurnosti i dugotrajnosti. Rad naglašava prednosti korištenja 3D tehnologije u kućnoj radinosti, uključujući smanjenje troškova, povećanje preciznosti i prilagodljivosti alata prema specifičnim potrebama korisnika.This paper presents a wood splitting device using the 3D software tool SolidWorks. Based on the analysis of the current market situation, it was noted that there are various types of splitting machines that are extremely important for preparing wood for heating but are also very expensive. In the development of this paper, SolidWorks was used for the 3D design of the device, enabling the creation of a functional and efficient wood splitter. Using SolidWorks, all individual components and the final assembly of the splitter were displayed. Additionally, all design parameters such as dimensions, materials, safety, and durability were analyzed. The paper emphasizes the advantages of using 3D technology in home projects, including cost reduction, increased precision, and tool adaptability to meet specific user needs

Eating habits and attitudes of high school students in Medjimurje County about nutrition

Pravilna prehrana i očuvanje optimalne tjelesne težine predstavljaju ključne čimbenike u prevenciji brojnih kroničnih nezaraznih bolesti, očuvanju zdravlja i unapređenju kvalitete života. Ovaj diplomski rad usmjeren je na analizu pravilne prehrane, prehrambenih navika te sve učestalijeg problema debljine, s posebnim naglaskom na adolescentnu populaciju, specifično učenike srednjih škola. Adolescencija je razdoblje intenzivnih bioloških, psiholoških i socijalnih promjena, u kojem se usvajaju dugoročne životne navike. Nepravilna prehrana u ovom razdoblju često uključuje preskakanje obroka, povećani unos brze hrane, gaziranih i energetskih pića te smanjeni unos voća i povrća. Navedeni čimbenici u kombinaciji s nedostatkom tjelesne aktivnosti doprinose razvoju prekomjerne tjelesne težine i debljine, ozbiljnog globalnog javnozdravstvenog problema u svijetu, ali i u Hrvatskoj. Cilj istraživanja je bio ispitati prehrambene navike i stavove učenika srednjih škola o prehrani. U presječno istraživanje bili su uključeni učenici srednjih škola (N=469) Međimurske županije koji su dobrovoljno i anonimno sudjelovali u ispunjavanju online ankete distribuirane putem Google Forms obrasca. Potvrđena je statistički značajna razlika u prehrambenim navikama i stavovima učenika medicinske škole u odnosu na učenike drugih srednjih škola. Ne postoji značajna razlika u prehrambenim navikama i stavovima učenika ovisno o spolu, tj. da djevojke imaju statistički značajno zdravije prehrambene navike i pozitivnije stavove prema zdravoj hrani u odnosu na mladiće. Ispostavilo se da mladići imaju statistički značajno pozitivnije stavove prema zdravoj hrani u odnosu na djevojke. Dobiveni rezultati ukazuju da učenici koji pokazuju pozitivan stav prema pravilnoj prehrani ujedno imaju i zdravije prehrambene navike. Također, učenici koji žive u urbanim sredinama imaju bolje prehrambene navike od učenika koji žive u ruralnim područjima. Zaključno, pravilna prehrana i tjelesna aktivnost moraju biti sastavni dio svakodnevnog života, a osobito je važno rano prepoznavanje i usmjeravanje djece i adolescenata prema zdravim životnim navikama. Prevencija debljine nije samo individualna odgovornost, već i odgovornost društva u cjelini, koje mora stvoriti uvjete za zdrav i kvalitetan život budućih generacija.Proper nutrition and maintaining optimal body weight are key factors in the prevention of numerous chronic non-communicable diseases, preserving health and improving the quality of life. This thesis focuses on the analysis of proper nutrition, eating habits and the increasingly frequent problem of obesity with a special emphasis on the adolescent population, specifically high school students. Adolescence is a period of intense biological, psychological and social changes in which long-term lifestyle habits are adopted. Improper nutrition during this period often includes skipping meals, increased intake of fast food, carbonated and energy drinks and reduced intake of fruits and vegetables. The above factors, combined with lack of physical activity, contribute to the development of overweight and obesity, a serious global public health problem in the world, but also in Croatia. The aim of the study was to examine the eating habits and attitudes of secondary school students about nutrition. The cross-sectional study included secondary school students (N=469) from Medjimurje County who voluntarily and anonymously participated in completing an online survey distributed via Google Forms. A statistically significant difference in the eating habits and attitudes of medical school students compared to students from other secondary schools was confirmed. There is no significant difference in the eating habits and attitudes of students depending on gender, i.e. girls have statistically significantly healthier eating habits and more positive attitudes towards healthy food compared to boys. It turned out that boys have statistically significantly more positive attitudes towards healthy food compared to girls. The results indicate that students who show a positive attitude towards proper nutrition also have healthier eating habits. Also, students who live in urban areas have better eating habits than students who live in rural areas. In conclusion, proper nutrition and physical activity must be an integral part of everyday life, and early recognition and guidance of children and adolescents towards healthy lifestyle habits is particularly important. Obesity prevention is not only an individual responsibility, but also the responsibility of society, which must create conditions for a healthy and quality life for future generations

Knowledge and attitudes of doctors and nurses about palliative care in primary health care in Šibenik-Knin County

Palijativna skrb poboljšava kvalitetu života pacijenta i njihovih obitelji suočenih s problemima povezanim sa smrtonosnom bolešću. Karakteristična je po svom individualnom pristupu, te objedinjuje psihološke, duhovne i socijalne probleme pacijenata i obitelji. Palijativnu skrb pruža multidisciplinarni tim zdravstvenih i nezdravstvenih djelatnika. U primarnoj zdravstvenoj zaštiti opću palijativnu skrb pružaju timovi liječnika obiteljske medicine, patronažne sestre, te zdravstvena njega u kući. Specijalističku palijativnu skrb u primarnoj zdravstvenoj zaštiti pružaju koordinatori za palijativnu skrb i mobilni palijativni timovi. Liječnici i medicinske sestre imaju bitnu ulogu u provođenju palijativnog pristupa, te njihovo znanje i posvećenosti bitan su temelj za kvalitetnu, cjelovitu i kontinuiranu skrb. Kako bi se utvrdilo znanje i stavovi liječnika i medicinskih sestara i tehničara o palijativnoj skrbi u primarnoj zdravstvenoj zaštiti, provedeno je istraživanje ne području Šibensko-kninske županije. Istraživanjem znanja i stavova zdravstvenih djelatnika u primarnoj zdravstvenoj zaštiti obuhvaćeno je 130 ispitanika, liječnika i medicinskih sestara/tehničara. Korišten je anketni upitnik koji se sastojao od tri dijela. Prvi dio odnosi se sociodemografske karakteristike. Drugi dio se odnosio na znanje o palijativnoj skrbi, te su korištena pitanja o palijativnoj skrbi preuzeta su iz Testa znanja o palijativnoj skrbi (PCKT). Za treći dio upitnika korištena je Frommelt skala stavova prema skrbi za umiruće (FATCOD). Rezultati ukazuju na dobro znanje o palijativnoj skrbi ,s postotkom točnih odgovora od 61%. Medicinske sestre i tehničari imaju znatno niže znanje o palijativnoj skrbi od liječnika. Iako 82% ispitanika smatra dodatnu edukaciju o palijativnoj skrbi potrebnom tu je edukaciju prošlo tek 22% ispitanika. Ispitanici koji su prošli dodatnu edukaciju iz palijativne skrbi imaju očekivano bolje znanje o palijativnoj skrbi . Stavovi medicinskih djelatnika o palijativnoj skrbi pretežno pozitivni.Palliative care improves the quality of the patient’s life, and their families who are facing the problems associated with a terminal illness. It is characterized by its individual approach, and integrates the psychological, spiritual and social problems of patients and families. Palliative care is provided by a multidisciplinary team of health and non-health professionals. In primary health care, general palliative care is provided by teams of family doctors, community nurses and health home care. Specialist palliative care in primary health care is provided by palliative care coordinators and mobile palliative teams. Doctors and nurses play an important role in implementing a palliative approach, and their knowledge and commitment are an essential foundation for high-quality, comprehensive and continuous care. To establish the knowledge and opinions of doctors, nurses and technicians about palliative care in primary health care, a survey was conducted in the Šibenik-Knin County. The survey of the knowledge and attitudes of health workers in primary health care included 130 respondents, doctors and nurses/technicians. A survey consisting of three parts was used. The first part concerned socio-demographic characteristics. The second part concerned knowledge about palliative care, and the questions used about palliative care were taken from the Palliative Care Knowledge Test (PCKT). For the third part of the survey, the Frommelt Scale of Attitudes Towards Care for the Dying (FATCOD) was used. According to the results obtained in this survey, knowledge about palliative care can be assessed as good, with a percentage of correct answers of 61%. Nurses and technicians have significantly lower knowledge about palliative care than doctors. Although 82% of respondents consider additional education about palliative care necessary, only 22% of respondents have completed this education. Respondents who have completed additional education in palliative care have, as expected, better knowledge about palliative care. The attitudes of medical professionals about palliative care are predominantly positive

Knowledge of the general population about acute myocardial infarction

Akutni infarkt miokarda (AIM), u populaciji poznat i kao srčani udar, predstavlja jedno od najčešćih i najsmrtonosnijih kardiovaskularnih stanja u svijetu, uključujući i Hrvatsku. Karakterizira ga iznenadni prekid dotoka krvi u srčani mišić, najčešće uslijed začepljenja koronarne arterije aterosklerotskim plakom, što dovodi do ishemije i nekroze miokarda. Glavni simptomi uključuju bol u prsima koja se širi u ruke, vrat, čeljust ili leđa, uz moguće popratne simptome poput mučnine, znojenja i kratkoće daha. Brza dijagnostika i liječenje važni su za smanjenje smrtnosti i komplikacija povezanih s AIM-om. Cilj završnog rada bio je ispitati razinu znanja i stavove stanovnika Republike Hrvatske o akutnom infarktu miokarda, njegovim simptomima, čimbenicima rizika te preventivnim mjerama. Provedeno je kvantitativno istraživanje putem strukturiranog anketnog upitnika, koji je ispunilo 279 ispitanika različitih dobnih skupina, spola i razine obrazovanja. Upitnik je obuhvaćao pitanja o prepoznavanju simptoma AIM-a, poznavanju čimbenika rizika, stavovima prema zdravim životnim navikama te ponašanju u slučaju sumnje na srčani udar. Podaci su analizirani statističkim metodama kako bi se dobio uvid u razinu informiranosti i svijesti građana o ovom ozbiljnom zdravstvenom problemu. Analiza podataka pokazala je da većina ispitanika posjeduje osnovno znanje o simptomima akutnog infarkta miokarda, pri čemu su najčešće prepoznati simptomi bol u prsima, znojenje i kratkoća daha. Međutim, uočene su i nejasnoće u prepoznavanju atipičnih simptoma, osobito kod žena, te u pravilnom reagiranju u hitnim situacijama. Većina ispitanika svjesna je važnosti zdravih životnih navika, poput redovite tjelesne aktivnosti i uravnotežene prehrane, ali postoji prostor za poboljšanje u primjeni tih navika u svakodnevnom životu. Dobiveni rezultati ukazuju na potrebu za kontinuiranom edukacijom i podizanjem svijesti stanovništva o akutnom infarktu miokarda, s posebnim naglaskom na prepoznavanje simptoma, pravilno reagiranje u hitnim slučajevima te usvajanje zdravih životnih navika kao najvažnijih preventivnih mjera. Implementacija ciljanih edukativnih programa i kampanja može doprinijeti smanjenju smrtnosti i poboljšanju kvalitete života osoba u riziku od kardiovaskularnih bolesti.Acute myocardial infarction (AMI), commonly known as a heart attack, is among the leading causes of mortality globally, including in Croatia. It is characterized by a sudden interruption of blood flow to the heart muscle, most often due to the blockage of a coronary artery by an atherosclerotic plaque, leading to ischemia and necrosis of the myocardium. The main symptoms include chest pain that spreads to the arms, neck, jaw or back, with possible accompanying symptoms such as nausea, sweating and shortness of breath. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are crucial to reduce mortality and complications associated with AMI. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge and attitudes of the Croatian population regarding acute myocardial infarction, its symptoms, risk factors, and preventive measures. A quantitative study was conducted using a structured questionnaire completed by 279 participants of varying ages, genders, and educational backgrounds. The survey included questions on symptom recognition, awareness of risk factors, attitudes toward healthy lifestyle habits, and appropriate responses in suspected heart attack scenarios. Data were statistically analyzed to evaluate the level of public awareness and understanding of this critical health issue. The analysis revealed that most respondents possessed basic knowledge of AMI symptoms, with chest pain, sweating, and shortness of breath being the most commonly recognized. However, significant gaps were noted in identifying atypical symptoms, particularly in women, and in understanding the correct actions to take during emergencies. While many participants acknowledged the importance of healthy lifestyle choices, such as regular physical activity and a balanced diet, there remains room for improvement in the practical adoption of these habits. The findings highlight the need for ongoing education and awareness campaigns to enhance the public's understanding of acute myocardial infarction. Emphasis should be placed on symptom recognition, appropriate emergency responses, and the adoption of healthy lifestyle practices as key preventive strategies. Implementing targeted educational programs can significantly contribute to reducing mortality rates and improving the quality of life for individuals at risk of cardiovascular diseases

The influence of welding parameters in MIG welding of aluminium alloy EN AW 1050

Tema ovog završnog rada je „Utjecaj parametara pri MIG zavarivanju aluminijeve legure EN AW 1050“. Rad se sastoji od teorijskog i eksperimentalnog dijela. U teorijskom dijelu rada navedena je podjela na gnječene i lijevane aluminijeve legure te njihovo označavanje. Opisani su postupci zavarivanja aluminijevih legura s naglaskom na MIG postupak. Navedeni su zaštitni plinovi te izbor dodatnih materijala koji bitno utječu na svojstva zavarenih spojeva. Detaljno je opisan AC MIG postupak zavaravanja te njegove prednosti i nedostatci. Prikazane su i opisane najčešće nepravilnosti koje se pojavljuju tijekom postupka zavarivanja. U eksperimentalnom dijelu provedeno je zavarivanje četiri uzorka aluminijeve legure AW 1050. Za zavarivanje aluminijevih limova korišten je automatizirani MIG postupak zavarivanja. Brzina zavara, protok plina i udaljenost sapnice od radnog komada bili su konstantni, a mijenjala se vrsta plina i debljina zavara. Uzorci su nakon zavarivanja bili rezani, brušeni i polirani. Nakon nagrizanja uzoraka provedena je makroskopska analiza uzoraka u svrhu uvida strukture i svojstava zavarenih spojeva. Na temelju rezultata doneseni su zaključci.The topic of this graduate thesis is „Influence of parameters during MIG welding of aluminium alloy EN AW 1050“. The paper consists of a theoretical and an experimental part. The theoretical part presents the classification into wrought and casting aluminium alloys and their designation, The welding procedures of aluminum alloys are described, with an emphasis on the MIG procedure. Shielding gases and the choice of additional materials that significantly affect the properties of welded joints are listed. The AC MIG welding process and its advantages and disadvantages are described in detail. The most common irregularities that appear during the welding process are shown and described. In the experimental part, four samples of aluminum alloy AW 1050 were welded. The automated MIG welding process was used for welding aluminum sheets. The welding speed, gas flow and the distance of the nozzle from the workpiece were constant, while the type of gas and the thickness of the weld were changed. After welding, the samples were cut, ground and polished. After etching the samples, a macroscopic analysis of the samples was carried out in order to see the structure and properties of the welded joints. Based on the results, conclusions were drawn

Parents' opinions on the role of physiotherapists in physiotherapy procedures for children with autism

Uvod i cilj: Autizam prvi puta opisuje 1943. godine dječji psihijatar Leo Kanner. Riječ autizam dolazi od grčke riječi authos što označuje sam. Unazad posljednjih desetak godina uočava se zastoju u jezičnom razvoju djece isto kao i smanjenja interakcija s ostatkom društva. Prevalencija autizma je 1 naspram 1000 djece te je u konstantom porastu, a zahvaća više mušku djecu. Autizam obuhvaća mnogobrojne promjene u vidu oslabljene motorike, percepcije, miješanja emocija i zaostatku u intelektualnom području. Budući da je svako dijete individua za sebe, za svakoga posebno treba napraviti plan i cilj liječenja što će napraviti fizioterapeuti na temelju individualne procjene. Fizioterapeuti imaju veliku ulogu u očuvanju i poboljšanju funkcije lokomotornog i mišićnog sustava. Osim poboljšanja motorike i sprječavanja kontraktura, oni značajno doprinose i fizičkoj, ali i emocionalnoj zaštiti. Metode: Ovaj istraživački rad u cilj ima ispitati mišljenje i zadovoljstvo roditelja djece s poremećajem iz spektra autizma o radu fizioterapeuta s njihovom djecom. Ispitivanje je provedeno putem društvenih mreža i Centra za autizam, korištenjem formuliranog anketnog upitnika koji je bio potpuno anoniman. U istraživanje su se uključila 48 roditelja s područja Varaždinske, Međimurske i Zagrebačke županije. Rezultati: Istraživanjem je utvrđeno da veliki broj roditelja prepoznaje važnost uloge fizioterapeuta u poboljšanju zdravstvenog stanja njihovog djeteta. Međutim, također je uočeno da mnoga djeca nisu uključena u fizioterapijski program. S druge strane, velika većina djece uključena je u školske aktivnosti Zaključak: Uzevši u obzir županije iz kojih dolaze ispitanici, vidljivo je da je manji dio djece s poremećajem iz spektra autizma uključen u fizioterapijski program od najranije dobi. Neka djeca čak nemaju pristup takvom programu. Stoga je nužno dodatno raditi na edukaciji roditelja te osiguravanju stručne pomoći i dostupnosti fizioterapijskih usluga za djecu s autizmom.Introduction and aim: Autism was first described in 1943 by child psychiatrist Leo Kanner. The word autism comes from the Greek word authos, meaning „self“. Over the past 10 years, delays in children's language development have been observed, as well as reduced interaction with the rest of society. The prevalence of autism is 1 in 1000 children and is constantly increasing, with a higher incidence in boys. Autism includes numerous changes such as impaired motor skills, perception difficulties, emotional disturbances, and intellectual delays. Since each child is an individual, a personalized treatment plan and goal should be createde for each one, designed by physiotherapists based on an individual assessment. Physiotherapists play an important role in maintaining and improving the function of the locomotor and muscular systems. In addition to improving motor skills and preventing contractures, they significantly contribute to both the physical and emotional well-being of the child. Methods: The aim od this research paper is to examine the opinions and satisfaction of parents of children with autism spectrum disorders regarding the work of physiotherapists with their children. The survey was conducted trough social media and the Autism Center using a formulated questionnaire that was completely anonymous. A total of 48 parents from the Varaždin, Međimurje, and Zagreb counties participated in the study. Results: The research shows that a large number of parents recognize the importance of physiotherapists in improving their child's health condition. However, it was also observed that many children are not included in the physiotherapy programs. On the other hand, the vast majority of children are included in school activities Conclusion: Taking into account the counties of the respondents, it is evident that only a small portion of children with autism spectrum disorder are included in the physiotherapy programs from an early age. Some children do not even have the access to such programs. Therefore, it is necessary to improve education for parents and ensure professional support and the availability of physiotherapy services for children with autism