SRAVNITELNAYA POLITIKA / COMPARATIVE POLITICS

С конца XIX в. популистские движения составляют весомый компонент политической жизни Венгрии. Попытки оценить популизм оказались такими же неоднозначными, как и попытки описать его, предпринимаемые как политиками, так и наблюдателями. Анализ его эволюции показывает, что он не связан с традиционным делением политических сил на левые и правые, а представляет выражение существующей в обществе неудовлетворенности устоявшимися элитами. В статье демонстрируется меняющийся характер венгерского популизма на различных этапах истории страны. Особое внимание уделяется содержанию и значению популистской политики в современной Венгрии. Since the end of the 19th century, populist movements have been a significant component of Hungarian political life. Attempts to assess populism have been as ambiguous as attempts to describe it by politicians and observers alike. An analysis of its evolution shows that it is not related to the traditional division of political forces into left and right, but represents an expression of the dissatisfaction with the established elites existing in society. The article demonstrates the changing nature of Hungarian populism at different stages of the country's history. Special attention is paid to the content and significance of populist politics in contemporary Hungary

Child Development Perspectives

Research on the development of active learning and information search behaviors has been growing rapidly, drawing interest from multiple disciplines, from developmental psychology to cognitive science and artificial intelligence. These different perspectives can open pathways to understanding how preschool-age children grow into adaptive and efficient active learners. However, the lack of a shared vocabulary, operationalizations, and research paradigms has led to limited cross-talk and some conflicting findings. In this article, we advocate for using a shared operationalization of a “good” information-search strategy, as a function of its efficiency and effectiveness within a given ecology, based on the information-theoretic measure of expected information gain and observed behavioral outcomes, respectively. We also discuss factors that should be considered when designing experiments that examine children's information-search competence, specifically, using formal models as performance benchmarks and accounting for children's prior knowledge, assumptions, and self-generated goals

International Journal of Human Rights

National Human Rights Institutions (NHRIs) established pursuant to the United Nations Paris Principles play a crucial role in protecting human rights at the domestic level, but they face significant risks of interference and obstruction when carrying out their sensitive functions. International standards recommend that NHRIs’ enabling legislation includes functional immunity provisions to protect them from these risks to their independence and effectiveness. However, presenting the results of the first comprehensive analysis of the functional immunity protections for NHRIs across 111 countries, this article finds that 40% of NHRI laws lacked any such protection provisions, while the remaining provisions were of questionable quality. To protect NHRIs from interference and obstruction, this article proposes a redefinition and strengthening of NHRI functional immunity provisions based on an analysis of existing protection provisions, international recommendations, and comparable immunity protections for judges and parliamentarians. It proposes a new framework for functional immunity that aims to grant NHRI leadership and staff the necessary level of protection against interference and obstruction, which also has wider relevance for other similar domestic bodies

Public Choice

Previous research has shown that corruption risks may distort market incentives in high-risk contexts. However, there is a dearth of evidence on the potential impact of corruption in settings characterized by low corruption and high-quality institutions. Against that background, this paper delves deeper into the alleged consequences of corruption by examining the link between corruption risks in public procurement and the profitability of firms in the Swedish construction industry. We introduce a novel measure of corruption risk based on the share of single bidder contracts that a firm has won. Validity analysis confirms that our measure is correlated with an alternative corruption measure and local tender winners. Our results reveal that firms that win many single bidder contracts have higher profitability than other firms in the sector: 10 percentage points higher single bidding rate firms have a 0.2–0.6-percentage-point higher sales margin. The findings underscore that public procurement corruption risks distort markets and economic incentives, and that this risk is present even in low-corruption contexts such as in Sweden

Pravni Zapisi

This article focuses on postwar Hungary, including the transition from state socialism to peripheral capitalism. This era is especially important as during the decades of cold war one of the main claims was that social and welfare rights - including the right to healthcare - were exemplary in state socialism and much more advanced than in the capitalisms of the West. This article argues, however, that even though social welfare rights were advanced in certain jurisdictions and fields, they did not eradicate patriarchal views. Neglecting women during their period also shows that protecting motherhood did not automatically increase women's rights. While women's welfare rights have been underdeveloped, there have been some significant achievements in the fields of maternal care and childcare

Work and Occupations

The COVID-19 crisis highlights a growing precarity in employment and the importance of employment for workers' well-being. Existing studies primarily examine the consequences of employment precarity through non-standard employment arrangements or the perception of job insecurity as a one-dimensional measure. Recent scholars advocate a multidimensional construct with a wide range of objective and subjective characteristics of precariousness. Using data from Eurofound's Living, Working, and COVID-19 surveys, I define employment precarity as the objective form of employment instability, as well as subjective terms of job insecurity and emotional precariousness. I also investigate whether and how various facets of employment precarity along with COVID-19 risk are associated with workers' mental and subjective well-being across 27 European Union member states during the pandemic. This study sheds light on a comprehensive understanding of objective and subjective dimensions of employment precarity, as well as their effects on workers' well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic

Journal of Finance

Over-the-counter (OTC) trading thrives despite competition from exchanges. We let OTC dealers cream skim from exchanges in an otherwise standard Glosten and Milgrom framework. Restricting the dealer's ability to cream skim induces “cheap substitution”: some traders exit while others with larger gains from trade enter. Cheap substitution implies trading costs, trade volumes, and market shares are poor policy indicators. In a benchmark case, restricting the dealer raises welfare only if trading cost increases, volume falls, and OTC market share is high. By contrast, the restriction improves welfare when adverse selection risk is low. A simple procedure implements the optimal Pigouvian tax

Journal of the Royal Society Interface

Understanding cooperation in social dilemmas requires models that capture the complexity of real-world interactions. While network frameworks have provided valuable insights to model the evolution of cooperation, they are unable to encode group interactions properly. Here, we introduce a general higher-order networks framework for multi-player games on structured populations. Our model considers multi-dimensional strategies, based on the observation that social behaviours are affected by the size of the group interaction. We investigate the dynamical and structural coupling between different orders of interactions, revealing the crucial role of nested multi-level interactions and showing how such features can enhance cooperation beyond the limit of traditional models with uni-dimensional strategies. Our work identifies the key drivers promoting cooperative behaviour commonly observed in real-world group social dilemmas