Inorganic Carbon Should Be Considered for Carbon Sequestration in Agricultural Soils

ABSTRACT Improved agricultural practices that restore soil organic carbon (SOC) are recognized as climate solutions, whereas soil inorganic carbon (SIC) is ignored nearly in all practices. Here, we meta‐analyzed the joint response of SOC and SIC to six common agricultural practices, i.e., reduced tillage, irrigation, fertilization, residue utilization, reclamation, and restoration. The results demonstrated that the most agricultural practices strongly increased SOC, whereas SIC was less sensitive. SOC and SIC increased synergistically by following practices: Irrigation, biochar application, and improved reclamation. However, “trade‐offs” between SOC and SIC due to mineral fertilizer application and restoration to forestland may partly offset soil carbon sequestration. The magnitude of SOC changes decreased with increasing depth, and deep SOC was still responsive to agricultural practices. In contrast, SIC loss occurred mainly in the topsoil, while increases were mainly in the deep soil. By optimizing agricultural practices, we estimated the global potential of carbon sequestration in soil at 1.5 Gt yr. −1 (95% confidence interval: 0.3–2.8), with SOC contributing 1.4 Gt yr. −1 , while SIC contributed less (0.1 Gt yr. −1 ) due to its losses under some practices. This potential is equivalent to 16% of global fossil fuel emissions. Concluding, this study highlights the potential contribution of SIC in enhancing the integrity of soil‐based climate solutions, broadening the scope of carbon management in mitigating climate change.National Natural Science Foundation of China https://doi.org/10.13039/501100001809National Key Research and Development Program of China https://doi.org/10.13039/50110001216

Primary Cutaneous Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma With TCR ‐γδ Expression: A Case Series of Eleven Patients of a Rare Immunophenotypic Variant

ABSTRACT Background Primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma (pcALCL) and lymphomatoid papulosis (LyP) are indolent CD30‐positive lymphoproliferative disorders that rarely express TCR‐γδ. However, primary cutaneous gamma‐delta T‐cell lymphoma (pcGDTCL), characterized by TCR‐γδ expression on neoplastic cells, is a rare, aggressive cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma with a poor prognosis. Accurate differentiation is essential due to distinct clinical behavior and treatment. Methods We identified 11 TCR‐γδ‐positive pcALCL cases from internal and consultation files, verified by two cutaneous lymphoma experts, with clinicopathologic data recorded. Results The median age was 68 years (range 38–95). Most cases presented as a single dermal lesion on the upper extremities. All were ALK‐negative, CD30‐positive (> 90% tumor cells), TCR‐βF1‐negative, and diffusely TCR‐γδ‐positive. CD4−/CD8− (54.5%) and CD4+/CD8− (45.5%) immunophenotypes were observed. CD2 (63.6%) and CD3 (54.5%) were the most common T‐cell antigens. Ulceration, inflammation (both 45.5%), and necrosis (36.4%) were frequent. Angiotropism, angiocentricity, and myxoid stroma appeared in one case; epidermotropism in two. Four of ten tested were DUSP22 ‐rearranged, and TP63 was negative in all eight tested. Conclusions Most ALK‐negative TCR‐γδ‐positive pcALCL were CD4−/CD8−, followed by CD4+/CD8−. DUSP22 rearrangement occurred in 40% of cases, similar to reports in typical pcALCL. Its prognosis and the role of DUSP22 are yet to be clarified

Azov-type spits: long-term monitoring of morphodynamics and vegetation in response to changing environment

Background Azov-type spits (ATS) are unique landforms located along the Northern coast of the Sea of Azov (NA) that have no global analogs. They play a vital role in delivering essential ecosystem services and significantly contribute to the economy of southern Ukraine. ATS are highly sensitive and dynamically responsive to environmental changes, including global and local climate changes, rising sea levels, geological shifts in the Ukrainian crystalline shield, internal shifts in the Sea of Azov and various anthropogenic influences. These factors significantly shape the ATS, influencing their capacity to accumulate biogenic material and sediments, thereby impacting vegetation cover, resilience and functioning within their ecological context. Methods Our study on ATS morphodynamics and vegetation changes is based on a 95-year dataset that incorporates retrospective vegetation maps (1927–1929, 1934, 1996–1999), grassland releves (1995–1999) and satellite imagery (1975–2022) using specific standardized indices (NDVI, NDWI, NDMI, Thermal). We employed Earth Remote Sensing (ERS) tools due to the impracticality of field research amid the ongoing military occupation of ATS territories. Climate change vulnerability was assessed by examining surface air temperature and precipitation changes for the periods 1900–2021 and 1991–2021. Results Meteorological data for NA shows a consistent climate change trend, including rising annual surface temperatures (1.14 ± 0.3 °C/100 years) and increased annual precipitation (98 ± 35 mm/100 years) over the last 120 years. Recent decades have witnessed intensified aridization, with up to a 15% drop in precipitation and a 0.8 °C per decade temperature increase, accompanied by increased evaporation. Our study reveals the ongoing transformation of ATS and their vegetation, primarily driven by inundation, aggravated by climate change and rising sea levels. ERS tools demonstrated their effectiveness in monitoring environmental changes under challenging circumstances, identifying general trends in the state of plant communities and validating our earlier forecasts for changes in vegetation cover. The increase in the area of halophytic meadow and marsh plant communities occurred alongside a certain decrease in their productivity, while the reduction in sandy-steppe plant community areas was accompanied by an increase in their productivity. The study provides a complex evaluation of the current anthropogenic impacts on the spits and their vegetation.Open-Access-Publikationsfonds 202

The implementation of a streamlined TAVI patient pathway across five European countries: BENCHMARK registry

Abstract Background Benchmark best practices have been shown to streamline the clinical pathway for patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI), but the impact in diverse health systems is unknown. Aims We evaluated the impact of Benchmark best practices implementation in Germany, Austria, France, Spain, and Italy. Methods International, multicentre registry of severe symptomatic aortic stenosis (AS) patients undergoing TAVI with a balloon-expandable valve, before and after Benchmark best practices implementation. Objectives were to reduce overall and intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay (LoS), and to document 30-day safety. Results A total of 890 patients were analysed in France, 454 in Spain, 362 in Germany, 300 in Italy, and 176 in Austria. Patients had the highest surgical risk in Germany (EuroSCORE II 6.8 ± 7.3%) and lowest in Spain (3.8 ± 2.6%). Austrian patients reported higher rates of prior myocardial infarction, severe pulmonary hypertension, and aortic valve-related symptoms at baseline. After the implementation of Benchmark best practices, the median hospital LoS was significantly reduced in France (5 vs. 3 days, p  < 0.001), Spain (6 vs. 4, p  < 0.001), Germany (9 vs. 6, p  < 0.001), and Italy (7 vs. 5, p  < 0.001); reductions in median ICU LoS were reported in France (1.1 vs. 0 days, p  < 0.001), Spain (1.9 vs. 1, p  < 0.001), and Germany (1 vs. 0.9, p  = 0.004). Across all countries, 30-day safety outcomes were uncompromised and reduced rates of major vascular complications rates were observed in Germany (5.9 vs. 0.0%, p  < 0.001). Conclusion The implementation of Benchmark best practices in diverse European healthcare systems resulted in reduced hospital and ICU LoS without compromising patient safety. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04579445, September 28th, 2020Edwards Lifesciences http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100006520Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein - Campus Kie

The Ceramide-Dependent EV Secretome Differentially Affects Prostate Cancer Cell Migration

Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) play an important role in cancer progression. Neutral sphingomyelinases (nSMases) are lipid-modifying enzymes that modulate the secretion of EVs from cells. How nSMase activity and therefore ceramide generation affect the composition and functionality of secreted EVs is not fully understood. Here, we aimed to investigate the expression of nSMases 1 and 2 in prostate cancer (PCa) tissue and their role in EV composition and secretion for prostate cancer cell migration. Reduced nSMase 1 and 2 expression was found in prostate cancer and correlated with the age of the patient. When nSMase 2 was inhibited by GW4869 in PCa cells (PC3 and DU145), the EV secretome was significantly altered, while the number of EVs and the total protein content of released EVs were not significantly changed. Using proteomic analysis, we found that extracellular matrix proteins, such as SDC4 (Syndecan-4) and SRPX-2, were differentially secreted on EVs from GW4869-treated PC3 cells. In scratch wound migration assays, GW4869 significantly increased migration compared to control PC3 cells but not DU145 cells, while SDC4 knockdown significantly reduced the migration of PC3 cells. These and other nSMase-2-dependent secreted proteins are interesting candidates for understanding the role of stress-induced EVs in the progression of prostate cancer

Phosphorylation of presynaptic PLPPR3 controls synaptic vesicle release

Phospholipid-phosphatase-related protein 3 (PLPPR3) belongs to a family of transmembrane proteins highly expressed in the nervous system where it regulates critical axonal growth processes during guidance, filopodia formation, and branching. However, little is known regarding its role in synapses and the signaling events regulating PLPPR3 function. Here, we identify 26 high-confidence phosphorylation sites in the intracellular domain of PLPPR3 using mass spectrometry. Biochemical characterization established one of these-S351-as a bona fide phosphorylation site of protein kinase A (PKA). PLPPR3 is enriched at presynaptic terminals, and deletion of PLPPR3 results in increased depolarization-induced synaptic vesicle release in hippocampal neurons. This tonic inhibitory signal toward depolarization-induced presynaptic activity is corrected by expression of PLPPR3 intracellular domain, but not a S351A phospho-dead mutant, in Plppr3 -/- hippocampal neurons. We propose that PLPPR3 phosphorylation under the control of PKA activity is a signaling integrator of presynaptic activity in hippocampal neurons