In Vitro Study with Addition of Different Levels of Melissa on Rumen Fermentation Characteristics, Digestibility and Methane Production

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of adding Melissa aromatic plant at 0%, 8%, and 10% from the total dry matter (DM) In the middle of the nursery for the liquid rumen model in the laboratory . A mixture ration of 200 mg of concentrate and roughage (80:20) was added to a syringe bottle, where rumen fluid with artificial saliva were pipetted in and incubated at 39°C to assess organic matter and dry matter digestibility, total gas and methane production, and rumen fermentation characteristics. The results showed that there were no significant differences between the treatments of all levels of lemon balm when using different levels of concentrated feed to roughage, which may be due to the lack of effect of these levels of addition on the activity of microorganisms in digesting dry matter and organic matter and the Total gas production and methane gas in this study.&nbsp

From Margins to Mainstream (M2M): Can Artificial Intelligence (AI) Reshape Governance for Chittagong Hill Tracts Indigenous Communities?

Indigenous communities in the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) of Bangladesh contend with multifaceted governance challenges, including representation, resource allocation, and access to services. This paper investigates the potential of Artificial Intelligence (AI) to address these issues and foster inclusive governance practices in the region. Grounded in the following research questions: 1) How are Indigenous communities currently governed in the CHT, and what are the primary challenges they face? 2) What are the opportunities and challenges of leveraging AI to enhance governance in the CHT? 3) How do Indigenous communities perceive the role of AI in governance, and what are their expectations and concerns? the study adopts a self-directed research approach, employing interviews, surveys, and online research to gather insights. Through a synthesis of existing literature and empirical findings, the paper identifies key considerations for deploying AI in governance contexts, including ethical implications, community engagement strategies, and capacity-building initiatives. The research underscores the importance of centering Indigenous perspectives and promoting participatory approaches in the design and implementation of AI-driven governance solutions. By shedding light on the intersection of AI and Indigenous governance, this study contributes to the discourse on technology and social justice, offering practical insights for policymakers, researchers, and practitioners seeking to advance inclusive development agendas in marginalized regions.&nbsp

A Comprehensive Review of Prospects and Challenges of Microstructure and Functional Properties of Materials

This thorough analysis examines the opportunities and difficulties related to improving the microstructure and functional characteristics of materials. Phases, grain boundaries, dislocations, and other flaws are examples of the microstructure, which is an essential component in defining the functional properties of a material, such as its electrical conductivity, mechanical strength, thermal stability, and resistance to corrosion. The production of materials with improved performance for a range of applications has been made possible by improvements in materials processing methods, such as severe plastic deformation and additive manufacturing, which have provided previously unheard-of control over microstructural properties. On the other hand, maintaining stability under operating circumstances, comprehending the intricate relationships inside microstructures, and generating uniform microstructures on a broad scale continue to be formidable problems. This study gives a comprehensive summary of the most recent developments in microstructure engineering, the ways in which microstructural features affect material properties, and the potential paths for future research in this area.&nbsp

Intelligent Lighting Control System for Street and Landscape Lights Based on ZigBee and GPRS

To address the challenges of high energy consumption, costly maintenance, and inefficient management in traditional urban lighting systems, this study presents the development of the TDFY City Lighting Management System. This intelligent lighting control system is based on a hybrid communication architecture combining ZigBee and GPRS technologies. The system integrates loop and individual lamp control to optimize energy usage and reduce operational costs. By leveraging ZigBee’s wireless mesh network for decentralized lighting unit management and GPRS for remote access and monitoring, the system ensures reliable communication, remote fault detection, and efficient maintenance planning. A key feature of the system is its adaptive dimming functionality, which automatically adjusts lighting based on motion sensor input, thereby enhancing both energy efficiency and lighting performance. Implemented in real-world scenarios such as the Taiyuan Botanical Garden and Taiyuan University of Technology, the system achieved up to 40% energy savings. These results demonstrate the system’s scalability, reliability, and potential to serve as a core component in smart city infrastructure, promoting sustainable, cost-effective urban lighting solutions through advanced energy management.&nbsp

Unplanned Use of Schools as Emergency Temporary Camps for Displaced Disaster Victims: Implications for Teaching and Learning Outcomes in Nigeria

When schools are inundated and submerged by floods, overwhelmed with extreme drought and heatwaves, lockdown by persistent conflicts crises and banditry, or sudden epidemics like the case of COVID-19 and Ebola, etc, academic activities are disrupted, causing a significant impact on students' learning. Classrooms and educational materials may be damaged or destroyed, leading to school closure and suspension of formal teaching and learning. This paper therefore evaluates the Unplanned Use of Schools as Emergency Temporary Camps for Displaced Disaster Victims and its Implications for Teaching and Learning Outcomes in Nigeria. Its specific objectives were to assess the rationale for designating school facilities as emergency temporary camps during and after a disaster; the effect of unplanned school closure on the children, teachers or staff, parents or family, as well as the school academic calendar; and the key considerations and checklist for preparing schools as temporary camps for displaced disaster victims. The paper noted the absence of adequate preparedness plans, a lack of resilient school infrastructure, a low level of deployment of digital teaching and learning platforms, as well as other adaptive and contingency measures as some of the limitations in the use of schools as temporary camps for disaster evacuees and victims prepared and planned well ahead before a disaster strike. It recommends deploying a new paradigm shift of having adequate contingency planning and preparedness in place before a disaster strikes,in a bid to mitigate the impact of the disruption of already planned school academic calendar and activities, thereby ensuring that formal teaching and learning are minimally disrupted most especially in the Secondary and Primary Schools which are the ones that are regularly used as as temporary camps for disaster displaced victims in Nigeria.&nbsp

Impacts of Climate Change on Water Resource Availability in Somalia: A Comprehensive Review

Somalia, located in the Horn of Africa, is facing a serious challenge as climate change makes water shortages worse, threatening the country’s economy and the way people live. This review looks at how climate change is affecting Somalia’s water supply, focusing on changes in rainfall, more frequent droughts, and the loss of underground water. Most of Somalia’s people depend on farming and raising animals. However, irregular rainfall, long dry periods, and higher temperatures have hurt these activities, reducing the amount of water available and making food shortages worse. Northern Somalia struggles with the overuse of underground water, while southern areas face flooding and dirty water. These problems have made poverty worse, forced people to leave their homes, and caused conflicts over limited water, especially between farmers and herders. Despite these challenges, there are ways to improve the situation. This review suggests solutions such as using water-saving methods like drip irrigation, collecting rainwater, and refilling underground water supplies. Building dams and reservoirs, planting trees, and protecting soil can also help in the long term. Good government leadership is essential. Somalia needs strong rules for managing water, better systems to prepare for disasters, and teamwork with nearby countries to share water fairly. Help from other countries, including financial support, is also very important. The review shows that Somalia needs simple, creative, and community-focused plans to deal with climate change. By using these solutions, Somalia can turn its water shortage problem into an opportunity, ensuring enough water for its people, improving its economy, and becoming a role model for dry regions. Acting now is crucial to protect Somalia’s future.&nbsp

Effect of Supplementing Differents Levels of Water Extract Anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) on Broiler Performance and Physiological and Digestive Organ Size and Immunity Chickens

This study was conducted at the College of Agriculture, University of Karbala, to study the effect of using different concentrations of anise aqueous extract to drinking water on the productive, physiological and immune characteristics of broiler chickens. Four treatments were used, with three replicates for each treatment (10 chicks for each replicate). The first treatment was free of additions (control treatment), while the second, third and fourth treatments included (5, 10 and 15 ml of anise aqueous extract per liter of drinking water, respectively). The experiment lasted for five weeks and the productive traits were measured, including body weight, weight gain, feed consumption and feed conversion weekly. At the end of the experiment, before and after slaughtering the experimental birds, they were all weighed and the relative weights of the main and secondary parts and the relative lengths of the small intestine and its parts were measured. The cellular immunity of the chicks was measured. The results of the statistical analysis showed a significant improvement (p≤0.05) for the experimental treatments T2, T3 and T4 compared to the control treatment T1 in the measurements studied, while we did not find significant differences between the treatments T2 and T3. While there was a significant superiority (p≤0.05) for the treatment T4 over all experimental treatments. The statistical analysis also showed a significant improvement in the cellular immunity of the experimental treatments compared to the control treatment.&nbsp

Extraction of Dye from Coconut Husk (Cocos Nucifera) and Its Effect on Cotton Fabric Extract

This study examined the extraction of dye from coconut husk and its effects on colouring of cotton fabric. Three different solvents were used in the extraction process namely methanol, ethanol, and acetone. The ethanol fraction gave the highest yield of extraction ranging from (E3) 40.3%, (E2) 24.3%, (E1) 12.2% over acetone with (A3)37.2%, (A2) 22.5%, (A1) 11.2% and methanol with (M3) 30.3%, (M2) 18.1%, (M1) 9.15% respectively. The extract was found to be slightly acidic as the pH of the dye extracted ranges from (A2) 4.6 to (E3) 50. The dye extracted exhibits exceptional light and wash fastness using allum (aliminium sulfate) as mordant. The dyeing process also involves the interaction between the dye molecules and cotton fabric, illustrating the concept of absorption, adsorption and diffusion which makes it significant. The extracted dye can be used to create unique, sustainable textiles with potential applications in fashion, upholstery and other industries.&nbsp

The Role of Oral Microbiome in Systemic Health: A Review

The human oral microbiome consists of approximately five hundred to seven hundred microbial species, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses that coexist within a finely tuned ecosystem. his microbial equilibrium is essential for maintaining both oral and systemic health. Recent studies have increasingly linked oral dysbiosis to the development of various systemic conditions, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, respiratory infections, adverse pregnancy outcomes, and neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. This study aims to review the current literature on the role of the oral microbiome in systemic health and to explore the mechanisms by which oral microbial imbalance may contribute to systemic diseases. A literature search was performed using PubMed and Google Scholar databases, covering the period from January 2020 to May 2025. The keywords “role,” “oral microbiome,” and “systemic health” were combined using the Boolean operator AND. Fourteen articles were initially identified, of which six full-text papers met the inclusion criteria for detailed review. This review underscores the critical role of the oral microbiome in maintaining homeostasis within the oral cavity and its significant implications for systemic health. The oral cavity hosts a highly diverse microbial ecosystem composed of bacteria, fungi, and viruses that interact closely with host tissues and immune responses. While these microorganisms contribute to oral health under balanced conditions, dysbiosis can lead to both local oral diseases and systemic pathologies.&nbsp

British Drama: The Influence of Social Realism in the Works of Caryl Churchill and Simon Stephens

This article analyses the impact of social realism in contemporary British drama, focusing on the works of Caryl Churchill and Simon Stephens. The study examines how the two writers consolidate social realism to reflect cultural issues, including class struggles, gender elements and political frameworks, in their respective plays. The research adopts a qualitative methodology, analysing selected plays by Churchill and Stephens from the perspective of social authenticity. The plays are examined for their thematic content, character development and narrative structure, with particular attention to how authenticity is used to enhance the social scrutiny installed within the works. The study also consolidates basic hypotheses to contextualise the political social worlds in which these playwrights compose. The analysis reveals that both Churchill and Stephens use social realism to varying degrees, but with a common aim of questioning dominant social and political histories. Churchill's use of split structures and unpredictable methods compares with conventional realism, while still foregrounding social investigation, particularly around issues of gender and power. Stephen's plays, on the other hand, offer a more straightforward portrayal of the impact of cultural designs on the existences of standard individuals, utilising reasonable discourse and setting to make a vivid crowd insight. The findings recommend that social realism continues to be a powerful means for playwrights to examine and consider social issues. Churchill's advancement within the pragmatist structure grows the boundaries of class, whereas Stephens' adherence to more regular realism features the perseverance of class through significance in addressing contemporary social concerns. Both writers add to the advancing scene of English drama by using realism to draw in their audiences by pressing cultural issues. This article argues that social authenticity assumes an essential part in the progress of Caryl Churchill and Simon Stephens, filling in as both an impression of and a reaction to the complexities of contemporary English society. Their works demonstrate the flexibility of social realism in addressing contemporary issues and highlight the evolution of the genre's significance in British theatre.&nbsp