(15(2):38-48)COMPARISON OF THE VITALITY OF MUSHROOM MULTIPLIED BY SPORES AND TISSUES

本試驗洋菇種菌用胞子與組織連續繁殖或交替繁殖，在三個世代中，菌絲培養生長速度，無論在洋菜培養基或堆肥培養基及經過玻璃環隔離培養或同一試管之接種原經不同時間之移植培養者，均以胞子繁殖部份之菌絲生長速度快於組織繁殖部份。而子實體之產量却無顯著之差異，惟出菇時間胞子繁殖部份有提早之趨勢。 The vitality and yield of mushrooms multipled were continued to study by different methods. A number of mushroom varieties and strains have been obtained from various countries since the culture method and synthetic composting technique were developed with the effort of our workers. Up to now, mushrooms are generally perpetuated by tissue-cultures or spore-cultures or by both alternating-cultures. To compare the effects of different methods of multiplication on the sporephore growth we have inade observation on three generations. According to the velocity of myclia growth, we have observed in the previous studies that the growth of mycelia of spore-cultures are more vigorous than that of tissue-cultures under whatever ways of cultures; such as Agar-culture, Composting-culture and Glass-ring insulated culture (Van Tieghem Cell) or the original strain transferred under different periodic time with the same tude. The results obtained from the three alternating generations of observation tests proved to be of no significant difference on the yield of fruiting body. But by using the sporecultures, it shows an earlier tendency to produce fresh mushroom

(19(4):18-25)水田雜草對水稱之影響

The effect of weeds on rice was evaluated on five species of weeds at 3 population densities and two fertility levels in the first and second crops of 1968. Echinochloq crusgalli, Cyperus difformis, Marsilea quadrifolia, Monochoria vaginalis, and Spirodela polyrhiza reduced grain yield of rice by 84.9, 71.7, 62.0, 61.7, and 9.0%, respectively, Population density of 100 and 200 weeds per m2 reduced 51.3 and 64.4% of grain yields, respcctively when compared with weed-free treatment. Echinochloa crusgalli and Cyperus difformis reduced more grain yield of rice at high fertility level while Monochoria vaginalis and Marsilea quadrifolia caused more damage at less fertilized field. Echinochloa crusgalli and Marsilea quadrifolia reduced grain yield of rice more or less similarly in both crops but Monochoria vaginalis and Cyperus difformis caused heavier damage in the second crop. The number of panicles per plant suffered the greatest damage, followed by the number of grains per panicle but the 100-grain weight and the fertility percentage were only slightly affected. 嘉義農業試驗分所曾於民國57年第1、2期作在網室內舉行盆栽試驗，調查不同密度之主要水田雜草在不同肥力下對水稻為害之程度，初步結果顯示稗草、三角草、田字草、鴨舌草及浮萍分別減產84.9、71.7、62.0、61.7與9.0%。雜草密度每平方公尺100支與200支者較無草之對照處理分別減產51.3及64.4%，稗草與三角草在重肥區為害情形勝於輕肥區，惟鴨舌草與田字草則恰恰相反。稗草與田子草之為害情形，第1期作與第2期作相若，但鴨舌草與三角草之為害情形則以第2期作較為嚴重。產量構成因素中以每株穗數為害最重，每穗粒數次之，而百粒重與稔實率則未見其害

(31(4):313-320)Scanning Electron Microscope Observation on the Floral Ontageny and Development of Mango (Mangifera indica L.)

由前人研究知檬果花性比（sex ratio）因品種與溫度等條件變化而有所不同。近年來本省各地有些檬果植株有「白花穗」的不正常現象，由於白花穗的兩性花較少，加上其他未知原因，造成結果不良。本研究以掃描式電子顯微鏡配合解剖顯微鏡，由外部形態觀察檬果小花的發育過程，發現所有小花均為兩性花，但因發育中子房停止發育，才變成雄花。進一步生理原因的調查正在進行中。 The ontageny and development sequence of the flower bud on mango panicle is observed by scanning electron microscope and dissecting microscope. The results indicate that all the flower buds are originally designed to develope into hermaphrodite. With the degeneration of the gynoecium, the male flowers occurred for some unknown reason

(31(4):298-312)A Comparison of Fruit Qualities and Storability on Domestic Grown and Imported Apples

省內福壽山農場及武陵農場產之”金冠”與”元帥”蘋果於70 年9 月底採收，調查其果實品質並與同期進口之蘋果相比較，爾後於3℃ , 85%RH 貯藏，逐月調查其貯藏期品質之變化，並於71 年2 月底與後期進口之美韓蘋果進行果品分析比較，以明瞭省產蘋果與進口蘋果果品之優劣。鮮採之省產蘋果，經官能品評結果較進口者佳，以武陵之”金冠”及”新大王”居冠。省產”金冠”在貯藏三個月內風味較進口者為差，但貯藏四個月後，福壽山產”金冠”因貯藏力強而居冠。省產”元帥”四個月貯藏中各月間之風味品評皆較進口者為佳，以武陵產之”新大王”居首。市場消費後期比較，省產”金冠”品質與風味皆較進口者差，但省產”元帥”與進口之15 種廠牌比較佔第3 及4 位。 省內高海拔（福壽山）及較低海拔（武陵）產之蘋果相較，前者含酸、澱粉量高，硬度大，鮮採之風味較後者差，但貯藏力強，果色較佳。蘋果貯藏後，其酸含量、澱粉含量及硬度漸減，糖含量及果色稍增。省產蘋果在貯藏一個月後，上述變化較進口者為大，而後之變化與進口者類似。利用澱粉對碘之呈色反應可供貯藏期間測定澱粉量之變化且甚為簡便，但精確度較差，在澱粉含量低於3.1%即無法呈色。 Domestic grown apples in Li-shan and Wu-lieng mountain areas were harvested in September 1981 Fruit qualities in terms of fruit color, firmness, soluble solids, titratable acidity, and starch content were analyzed to compare with that of imported apples which were harvested about the same time. Fruits were then stored at 3°C, 85% R. H. for checking their storability and compared their qualities with off-season imported fruits at the end of their long-term storage. It was found that freshly picked domestic grown apples including both of ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Red Delicious’ showed a higher grade than imported fruits in taste panel test. Domestic grown ‘Red Delicious’ also appeared a higher storability and a higher grade in taste score after four-month storage when compared with that of 15 brands newly imported fruits. However, domestic grown ‘Golden Delicious’ showed a lower storability and grade in taste. Fruits grown in high altitude (2350 M) expressed a higher degree in firmness, fruit color, titratable acidity, starch content and storability than fruits grown in lower altitude (1800 M) , but not in taste and soluble solids. Firmness, titratable acidity and starch content decreased while soluble solides and fruit color increased gradually during storage. Starch content also decreased to a level of lower than 3. 1% where it was undetected by the iodine test

(7(3):7-25)THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT DEPTHS OF SOIL AND RATES AND METHODS OF FERTILIZER APPLICATION ON THE YIELD OF RICE

(1) 本試驗在臺北市臺灣省農業試驗所，舉行以客土法設置試驗區，檢討水稻增產與耕土深淺及施肥法，施肥量之關係。 (2) 耕土深度對水稱株高生長之影響，普通施肥量組，初期生育以淺耕為優，深耕為劣，而隨耕土深度增肥組各區則因耕土愈深而愈優。然至生育後期或柚穗後之稈長，不論普通施肥量組或隨耕土深度增肥組各區，均以深耕為優。其耕土深度相同之區，則以施肥量多者，水稻全期間之生育情形較為優良。 (3) 耕土深度對水稻有效分蘗率隨耕土深度增加而提高，在不同施肥量或不同施肥法之情形下其表現相同。 (4) 水稻生育日數隨耕土深度增加，而其抽穗偏差亦隨之增加。 (5) 深耕能增進穗長及一穗粒數，在不同施肥量及不同施肥法情形亦相同。 (6) 精谷牧量因穗數及一穗粒數而消長，然與不稔率有重大之關係。本試驗中之收量構成因素概隨耕土深度增進，然因病害以致稔實不佳，不免對收量有影響。 (7) 本試驗中之第一期作在耕土25公分區及第二期作在30公分區各獲得最高產量。 (8) 隨耕土深度增施肥料時，對水稱生育過于繁茂，易誘發稱熱病或倒伏，致影響其結實故其產量未能如預期增加。 (9) 耕土深度與施肥法，在第一期作均以全層施肥法較優，而在第二期作該法與半全層施肥法則難分上下。 (10) 耕土深度至35公分之場合稻熱病罹病率甚高，一二期均有同樣趨勢。 (1) The present paper descirbes the effect of different depths of soil, rates and methods of fertilizer on the yield of rice. Experimental plots were prepared by the soil tansportation method. (2) In the standard fertilizer rate plot, shallow plowing gave better plant height at early stage than deep plowing, when fertilizer rate was increased succeedingly with soil depth, deep plowing, on the contrary, gave slightly better plant height. But in all cases, plant height at later stage or after heading was greater in deep plowing plot than in shallow plowing plot. For the same depth of soil, higher rate of fertilizer gave better growth during the whole period. (3) The percentage of functional tillering increased with soil depth. The similar phenomena could be seen when different rates and methods of fertilizers were applied. (4) The days of growth increased with the depth of soil. The heading deviation showed the same tendency. (5) Deep plowing helped to increase the length of ears and number of grains per ear. The same phenomena were seen when different rates and methods of fertilizers were applied. (6) The yield of grains was affected by the number of grains per ear and the number of ears per plant. It was, however, also greatly influenced by the percentage of fertility. In the present study, the yield components generally increased with soil depth, yet this was not true in the case of low fertility. (7) In the present experiment, the highest yield was obtained from the 25 cm deep plot in the first crop and from the 30 cm deep plot in the second crop. (8) When the rate of fertilizer was increased with soil depth, plants tended to grow too vigorously, became liable to rice blast and the yield could not be increased as expected. (9) Deep dressing of fertilizer resulted in better yield in the first crop, but in the second crop it was hard to distinguish from half-deep dressing in their effects. (10) Rice blast infection rate was high in 35 cm deep plot in both first and second crops