Reader Response Criticism: Background, Basic Concepts and Problems

The major division of literary theory is presented in a parable, which includes the author, the text and the reader. All critical theories are derived separately from the author, the text and the reader. The only way to understand the text is to understand the author.It ignored the text and the functionality of the reader. Critical theories that relied entirely on the text rejected the author and the reader. Discussions related to Reader response criticism have given rise to new questions. These questions have emerged as issues of reading.This article presents the ideas and concepts in the context of Reader Response criticism, interpretive angles, the importance of reader and the problems of reading. Questions have been raised which will make it possible to look at and understand this critical school of thought from a new angle

Analytics of Some English Translations of Rashid’s Poem Saba Viraan

   Abstract:  Nazr Muhammad Rashid is a reliable name in Urdu poetry. The themes of his poems cover political and social issues apart from traditional romance. These problems are not the problems of any one region, but their nature is global. The journey of eastern nations from rise to decline, the reasons for this decline, the dominance of western colonialism and the possible aspects of escape from this situation are the special themes of his poems. At the same time, his poems justified their translation from Urdu language to international language due to their nobility. When English translations of his poems came out, his poetry became widely read. English translations of a few of his poems appeared in English journals, and this continued to grow until regular books of English translations of his poetry appeared. However, there is no real research about the standard of these translations. Based on this justification, this research has been done. "Saba Viran" is one of Rashid's most famous poems which has been translated by different translators in their own style. The paper presents a critical review of five English translations of this poem. &nbsp

Manqabat in Post Independence Bahawalpur

This research article is an analysis of Urdu Manqabat writing in Bahawalpur(the former state) after 1947. It covers the meaning of Manqabat , different definitions of Manqabat among critics, difference between Qaseeda and Manqabat, Marsiya and Manqabat and Salam and Manqabat. In addition a brief history of Manqabat writing in Arabic, Persian and Urdu with examples are part of it. Praise Lyrics have been called Manqabat though Manqabat writing is a separate genre of Literature

Mumtaz Mufti: The Manifester of Bold Expressions, a Self Assessment

Mumtaz Mufti has a prominent position in the history of Urdu fiction. He was born in Patiala in 1905 AD. After completing his BA from Islamia College, Lahore, he  was educated for twelve years in various schools of the Punjab Government. After independence, he was associated with various departments of Pakistan Air Force, Azad Kashmir Radio, Public Service Commission and Ministry of Information. Several collections of his stories were published. The names of these collections are Un Kahi, Ghema Ghemi, Chup, Asmarain, Gurria Ghar etc. Ghubaray is collection of his essays. Piaz kay Chilkay contains sketches. These books also depict his creativity. Alipur Ka Eli is an unforgettable contribution to the history of Urdu novel. His rebellion against so many kinds of oppression earned him a good name

RECOGNITION OF BAGH-O-BAHAR IN THE CRITICISMS OF URDU DASTAN

Mir Amman's writing Bagh-o-Bahar is considered as the foundation of Urdu prose. It owns a perpetual fame in Dastani Urdu literature. This Dastan possesses a vast treasure of critique on cultural and social, character and linguistic, psychological and spiritual, historical and comparative, symbolic and metaphorical, artistic and literary references. This article tends to evaluate the critique of Bagh o Bahar and assess its value and status in Dastani literature

Letter Writing of Dr. Aslam Ansari

Writing letters is a fantastic way to keep the mind active as it helps to improve memory, concentration and communication skills. Research suggests that writing letters to your nearest and dearest can help you feel happier and more satisfied. Letter writing is an important genre in Urdu Literature. The art of letter writing, formal and informal, has made many a people well known in the literary circles. Dr. Aslam Ansari, one of Urdu's famous poet, critic and researcher, has also enriched the world of literature with his letters. They are insightful in terms of literature and criticism. He used his letters not only as a means of communication but also highlighted many intellectual aspects. In this article, a review of Aslam Ansari's letters is being presented for the first time

Urdu poetry and Eco Criticism

 Eco-criticism is relatively considered a new term in Urdu literature although a brief review of Urdu literature particularly poetry indicates that environmental problems have always been critically observed by the literary minds. Ecocriticism is a kind of literary criticism that discuss the relationship of the physical environment as a living entity with literature and not just as a background of social dialogue. It is a theoretical technique that was introduced in the 90s in the west, however, Imdad Imam Asar has been considered the earliest critic who used this technique in Urdu literature through his book “KashifulHaqaiq”. Afterwards, Maulvi Muhammad Ismail Merathi used ecological perspectives in their poetry at a time when ecological studies and organizations had yet not been established. Dr. Wazir Agha, Nasir Kazmi, Majeed Amjad, Parveen Shakir and Tariq Naeem pronounced the disturbing effects of deforestation on nature, particularly on birds. Urdu poets mourned the high industrial ambitions of humans which destroyed the environmental beauty and awarded air pollution, global warming, climate change and drought to nature and humans. Poets like Mustafa Zaidi, Zia Jalandhari and others believed that environmental destruction is not limited to the physical aspects only it also disturbed the social behavior of the humans. Some modern poets like KishwarNaheed, Yousaf Zafar and Saeed Aasi associated the decay of humanity with environmental change in their poems and warns humans against it

A postcolonial Analysis of Syed Sajjad Zaheer's Short Story "Neend nhi Aati"

Sayed Sajjad Zaheer, who lived from November 5, 1905, to December 13, 1973, was a leader in the subcontinent's progressive movement. His writings emphasize how colonialism affected Hindustan. His contributions to the growth of Urdu literature, notably his short stories, were well-known. In this essay, I'll be analyzing the post-colonial analysis of his short story "Neend Nhi Aati". This article was characterized by social realism and an emphasis on portraying the struggles of the working class and other socially outcast groups. He contends in his short stories that the British Raj substantially affected the area's social, economic, and political climate. He takes notice of how colonial laws and practices resulted in the exploitation of the people of the Hindustan

Hamd in Haiku: An Overview

  Hamdia poetry was started at the beginning of Urdu literature. Hamd has been a part of every poetical work for a long period of time. Gradually Hamd not only presented itself as a separate kind but also appeared as a prominent genre of Urdu poetry. A large collection of Hamdia poetry by different poets has been published time to time. Today Hamdia poetry is being written in ancient, modern, eastern and western genres. This article deals with the Hamdia poetry written the particular genre Haiko

An Analysis of the Structural Properties of Modern Emojis and their Relationship to Saussure's Theory of Language

This research paper explores the structural properties of modern Emojis and their relationship to Saussure's theory of language. Drawing on a range of linguistic and cognitive theories, we analyze the features of modern Emojis that make them unique from traditional linguistic forms such as words and sentences. We also examine the ways in which modern Emojis are processed and interpreted by the human brain, and how their meanings are determined in part by their structural properties and relationships to other signs within a system of communication. Through a cross-cultural analysis of emoji meaning and interpretation, we demonstrate the complex and nuanced nature of visual communication, and its implications for language use in the digital age. Overall, this research sheds light on the unique nature of visual communication as a form of language, and its role in shaping new forms of communication and expression in the digital age