Obesity, bariatric surgery, and weight regain parameters: a concise systematic review

Introduction: Obesity, an easily diagnosed disease, is multifactorial, chronic, and difficult to manage. It has increased alarmingly and is now one of the main public health problems. It is associated with several comorbidities and poorer quality of life. Bariatric surgery is currently widely accepted and described in the literature as the most effective method for the treatment of obesity. Even though this is the best method, weight regain (WR) is also checked. In the literature, there are several parameters used to configure WR, and with that, several results are presented. Objective: This paper aims to review the parameters used to assess WR after bariatric surgery. Method: A bibliographic review of the last 5 years was carried out in the PubMed and Scielo virtual databases with the following keywords: bariatric surgery, obesity, and weight regain, in October and November 2019. Result: Lack of unanimity in the definition and parameters for WR is still a reason for further studies. And with that, the results are also presented in a varied way, depending on the parameter used. Conclusion: The subject is relatively new and there is a need for more studies to define and quantify the meaning of WR, to also improve the approach and management of the patient with weight regain. But there seems to be a tendency to adapt itself as a favorable response to surgical success when at least 50% excess weight loss (%EWL) and > 20% total weight loss is achieved, and that any regain should not be used. as a parameter to define it

Nutritional Risk Screening (NRS 2002) as a tool to predict clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients: a literature review

The presence of malnutrition in hospitalized patients is prevalent and studies show its association with a higher incidence of complications, mortality, length of stay, costs, and increased frequency of hospital readmission. Routine use of simple tracking procedures is recommended. Nutritional screening detects individuals who are malnourished or at risk of developing malnutrition, and who can receive specific nutritional support. Nutritional Risk Screening (NRS 2002) is a nutritional screening method recommended by the European Society for Clinical and Metabolism (ESPEN) and identifies the risk of developing malnutrition in hospitalized patients. The aim of this paper is to review the literature on the NRS screening method (2002) and its relationship with clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients

The influence of diet patterns on Alzheimer’s risk: a concise systematic review

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder responsible for the main cause of dementia, and the increasing worldwide prevalence of AD is a major public health concern. Studies suggest that diet and nutrition may be important modifiable risk factors for AD. In addition, intestinal microbial metabolites and their effects on host neurochemical changes can increase or decrease the risk of AD. The aim of this literature review article is to discuss the relationship between dietary patterns, foods, gut microbiota, micro and macronutrients, and cognitive disorders, especially Alzheimer's. The results show that the excessive generation and accumulation of reactive pro-oxidant species over time can damage proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Over time, this oxidative stress can contribute to a variety of age-related degenerative diseases. Therefore, antioxidant foods and healthy eating patterns, such as the Mediterranean diet, can contribute to reducing oxidative stress and consequently reducing the risk of Alzheimer's

Dysbiosis and obesity: implications of the gut microbiota

Introduction: Obesity has been considered a public health crisis, contributing as a risk factor for several important chronic diseases and even death. Considering this fact, it is noteworthy that there is a fundamental relationship between the intestine and health, and this organ is considered by modern medicine as our second brain in the concept of intestinal permeability. Within the evaluation of the food process, effective nutritional absorption can be altered due to imbalances, such as malabsorption, drug-nutrient interaction, changes in mucosal permeability, and, consequently, an imbalance in the gut microbiota. Dysbiosis is characterized by these negative changes that occur in the intestine. In this sense, the present systematic review study sought to answer: What influences can the microbiota composition have on the metabolic syndrome and obesity process? Objective: To elucidate the relationship between the presence of intestinal dysbiosis in the pathogenesis of obesity. Methods: This is a bibliographic review work where the MEDLINE, PubMed, and SciELO databases were consulted using the following descriptors: Human gut microbiota, obesity, dysbiosis. Results and Conclusion: Based on the literature that supports this theme, it was possible to observe that in the obese population there is an increase in bacteria of the genus Firmicutes and a decrease in the genus Bacteriodetes, with the blocking of factors and proteins that regulate the homeostasis of the absorption of lipids and fatty acids being observed thus being able to alter the energy metabolism leading to a greater accumulation of adipose tissue

Mediterranean diet in the treatment of metabolic syndrome: nutritional therapy and life perspective

Metabolic syndrome is the association of chronic diseases related to diet and physical activity. Also recognized as a complex entity that associates well-established cardiovascular risk factors, such as high blood pressure, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes, among others, such as central fat deposition and insulin resistance. Currently, Metabolic Syndrome has gained worrisome dimensions within clinical practice, becoming one of the greatest challenges at the beginning of this century. In contrast, the Mediterranean diet recognized for its combination of tasty taste and nutritional benefits, in addition to its culture of the link between health and longevity, is a strategy in the treatment of the metabolic syndrome. Although there is no consensus on the most adequate nutritional strategy to treat Metabolic Syndrome (MS), in such a way that there is a reduction in cardiovascular risk, recent studies show the effectiveness of adopting healthy lifestyles capable of reversing this trend. To address the role of diet in MS treatment, with the main focus on the interaction of benefits of different nutritional interventions in MS remission, contributing to the integration of current evidence in the pre-existing context. In view of the studies carried out in this research, it was found that the Mediterranean diet has shown benefits in the secondary prevention of this syndrome, although the underlying mechanisms are not completely clear. In this sense, it is important to revitalize and apply this diet in the future in terms of preventive and therapeutic guidelines

Gut microbiota related to nutrition and physical activity: an integrative review

Introduction: The gut microbiota (GM) is formed by millions of microorganisms present in the gastrointestinal tract, especially in the colon. This intestinal homeostasis can be triggered by the union of a good diet, and even recent studies have suggested that aerobic physical training can modify its composition. Objective: To analyze the influence of healthy eating added to the practice of physical exercise in changing the composition of the GM. Methods: The research was carried out with an exploratory, qualitative and bibliographic approach. A literature review that brings together important studies on the influence of physical exercise on GM. Results: Data collection for this literature review was carried out from March to September, using articles, in addition to trustworthy websites, with the following descriptors: gut microbiota, microbiota, intestinal flora, food, probiotics, and physical exercise. Conclusion: The training was efficient to change the GM composition in sedentary men, thus being able to minimize possible negative interferences of the sedentary pattern. Bacteria that reside in our body work with a commensalism strategy, where there are two different structures, the microorganism, and the individual's body, but both live together normally and thus work together to maintain the GM balance

Nutritional approach in the prevention and treatment of knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent joint disease, considered the rheumatic condition with the greatest consequences in terms of socioeconomic impacts, especially knee osteoarthritis since it makes walking difficult. To date, there is no cure for OA, so available treatments aim to reduce symptoms such as pain and inflammation, maintain joint mobility, and limit the loss of function. As OA has a known inflammatory component, it is believed that nutrition can play a vital role in the prevention and ongoing management of OA. This article aims to analyze the available evidence in the prevention and treatment of knee OA with a dietary intervention that may play a potential role in the management of the disease. To carry out this literature review, articles were searched in the Scielo, Pubmed, and Bireme databases with the time frame of the last 10 years. The results showed that some nutrients, vitamins, and antioxidants are widely discussed in the literature in the treatment and prevention of the disease. Management of free radicals is necessary and the influence of nutrients and diet on cartilage and OA metabolism may represent a long-term adjuvant alternative in the treatment of patients with knee OA. Effects of dietary modifications on lipid and cholesterol profiles, adequate vitamin levels, and weight reduction in obese patients may influence the course of the disease