SHORT COMMUNICATION Impact of Climate Change on Land use/Land cover of Chakwal District: SHORT COMMUNICATION Impact of Climate Change on Land use/Land cover of Chakwal District

SHORT COMMUNICATION Impact of Climate Change on Land use/Land cover of Chakwal Distric

Processing of Malachite from the Shigar Region of Gilgit-Baltistan by Optimizing Some Operational Parameters of Floatation: Processing of Malachite from the Shigar Region of Gilgit-Baltistan by Optimizing Some Operational Parameters of Floatation

In this study, optimal operation parameters for the extraction of copper (Cu) from malachite ore of the Shigar region of Gilgit-Baltistan were identified. The effects of some operational parameters on Cu recovery has been identified. The pulp density (25%) and other parameters are kept constant throughout the process. Crushing and grinding were carried out and obtained the desired size range of flotation. The sample of malachite ore has been overwhelmed using roll and jaw crushers. The final product of roll crusher was finer than that of jaw crusher. It has been observed that more fines were obtained with increasing grinding time. After a certain time, there is little effect on grinding. With decreasing particle size, copper recovery increased. At 50 µm the recovery is almost 90% while at 325µm, recovery decreased to 46%. With increasing pH copper recovery is increased and at 12.5% pH, maximum recovery (up to 90%) has been achieved. The optimum parameters for the copper extraction from malachite ore of the Shigar valley are the pH 12.5%, 50-micron particle size and grinding time of 25 minutes

Major, Minor and Trace Elements Existence in Surface Sediments from Gwadar to Jiwani Coastal Areas of Pakistan : Major, Minor and Trace Elements Existence in Surface Sediments from Gwadar to Jiwani Coastal Areas of Pakistan

This study was carried out along the western coastal parts of Balochistan from Gwadar east Bay to Jiwani. The local anomaly of major, minor and trace elements were studied in this area. Zone-I (Gwadar east and west Bay) indicates that calcium oxide, potassium oxide and titanium dioxide have higher or average concentrations, while Zone[1]II indicates higher or average concentrations of calcium oxide, titanium dioxide and ferric oxide. Trace elements zirconium, chromium, europium, strontium, and copper are in higher or average concentrations in both zones. Gwadar west Bay and Jiwani are intermediate in carbonate, which show a high degree of maturity, suggesting the high rate of weathering in the source area. Sediment samples from Ganz, Jiwani, and Gwadar east Bay represent the quartz-rich fields in this region. Gwadar east Bay has a positive correlation between aluminium oxide and potassium oxide which suggests that abundance of potassium oxide is controlled by variation in K-feldspar contents. A positive correlation between strontium and calcium oxide suggests that strontium is associated with calcium oxide in biogenic carbonate material in Gwadar west Bay. The positive correlation between aluminium oxide, copper, and zinc in Pishukan indicates that the abundance of these elements is due to limited silt and clay fractions present in sediments. Enrichment factor shows that chromium and strontium are probably of anthropogenic origin in this region

Innovative Strategy for Rainwater Harvesting in Saline-affected Urban Areas: A Case Study of a Sports Complex in Delhi

Water scarcity remains a critical global challenge, requiring immediate, sustainable management strategies, particularly in areas with an increasing disparity between water supply and demand. In India, and especially in Delhi, this issue is acute. In response to growing environmental concerns and the urgent need for sustainable water resource management, rainwater harvesting has emerged as a practical and effective solution for water conservation. This study investigates the application of rainwater harvesting to sustainably support water needs for a sports complex located in a salinity affected region. The land, originally intended for agriculture, has been converted into a complex featuring hydro-landscape facilities, including swimming pools, water polo areas, diving pools, toddler pools, and leisure pools. These facilities require an initial water input of 6,754.5 m³ and an annual replenishment of 7,957.28 m³ due to evaporation and seepage. By calculating the total rainwater harvesting potential based on the runoff coefficient, annual rainfall intensity, and the complex's catchment area, the study reveals that 29,693.8 m³ of rainwater can be harvested annually, providing a surplus of 14,981.7 m³ of potable water. This analysis demonstrates the viability of designing sports complexes in saline areas using efficient land use and rainwater harvesting, and presenting a scalable model for sustainable water management in similar regions worldwide. Keywords: Rainwater harvesting, management techniques, sports complex, water management, saline region

SHORT COMMUNICATION Mapping Flood Risk Assessment by Remote Sensing in District Chiniot, Pakistan: SHORT COMMUNICATION Mapping Flood Risk Assessment by Remote Sensing in District Chiniot, Pakistan

SHORT COMMUNICATION Mapping Flood Risk Assessment by Remote Sensing in District Chiniot, Pakista

Purification of Crude Glycerol Recovered From Fish Processing Waste Biodiesel Process

Biodiesel and crude glycerol are byproducts of the esterification and transesterification reactions that occur between triglyceride molecules and alcohol in the presence of acid and base catalysts. Purification of crude glycerol is necessary to increase the economic sustainability of the biodiesel industry. This study was carried out for pre-treatment of crude glycerol sourced from fish processing waste during biodiesel manufacturing, treated through an acidification process using phosphoric acid (H3PO4), and then using further purification treatment with Jatropha curcas bio-adsorbent. Based on the measurement, the quantity of 0.1% phosphoric acid (H3PO4) solution was required to treat the crude glycerin. The reaction conditions include heating solution to 60°C and stirring it at 40 rpm for varying treatment periods such as 15, 30, 45, and 60 min. The crude glycerol's pH was adjusted to begin the acidification process, and soap was then converted into fatty acids and salts using phosphoric acid. The maximum purified glycerol yield of 76.6% by weight was obtained with treatment time of 15min using vacuum distillation at 120°C. The crude and purified glycerol’s density was measured as 1.013 g/mL and 1.001 g/mL, respectively. However, after bio-adsorbent treatment at temperature of 50°C and 10% loading weight of the Jatropha curcas bio-adsorbent, the best impurity elimination was accomplished in 15 min. The research findings demonstrated that, following acidification and bio-adsorbent treatments, the FFA% decreased from 2.82% to 2.24%, while its density increased from 1.002 g/mL to 1.032 g/mL, respectively. The purified glycerol properties were found in accordance with BS 2621-1979 standard, showing that the acidification method for purifying of crude glycerol, in conjunction with bio-adsorbent treatment is efficient in enhancing the glycerol purity. It also improves glycerol's application in generating high-value products that enhance revenue streams for the biodiesel production. Keywords: Petrography, calcitic-marble, dolomitic-marble, construction industry, alkali carbonate reactivity

Geospatial Mapping and Detection of Ferrous, Iron Oxides, and Clay Minerals in District Mohmand, Pakistan: Geospatial Mapping and Detection of Ferrous, Iron Oxides, and Clay Minerals in District Mohmand, Pakistan

The study focuses on the utilization of remote sensing techniques to effectively identify and detect ferrous,iron oxides, and clay minerals in Mohmand district, Pakistan, using LANDSAT 8 multispectral images. This studyfocuses on the increasing demand and importance of these minerals in mining and commercial activities. Mineralexploration in Mohmand district, utilizing remote sensing technology to identify mineral compositions using the bandratio is done. This technique allows for a more focused and precise approach to exploration and extraction techniques.Cloud-free LANDSAT 8 images with minimal vegetation cover were utilized for the analysis. The band ratio approachwas utilized to identify areas exhibiting diverse mineral compositions. The study highlights the effectiveness of thesuggested methodology in mapping and detecting ferrous, iron oxides, and clay minerals, indicating the significantpotential of remote sensing for mineral exploration. The results highlight the importance of developing distributionmaps to support more efficient methods for mining and mineral exploration. The study contributes to a more focusedand efficient assessment of mineral resources and extraction techniques in the Mohmand district and similar geologicalterrains, offering stakeholders a valuable tool for informed decision-making in mineral exploration and exploitationefforts

Climatic Events and Natural Disasters of 21st Century: A Perspective of Pakistan: Climatic Events and Natural Disasters of 21st Century: A Perspective of Pakistan

In recent years, the frequent occurrence of natural calamities in the world has gained much attention due to infrastructure and life losses. Increase in global temperature has threatened the earth’s climate, causing unpredictable and extreme weather events more often. These events were both short-term as well as long-term. In spite of insufficient monitoring coverage of inner areas and high altitudes, an intensification of average yearly temperature has been observed after the 20th century in many regions of Asia. Pakistan has faced a number of natural disasters including severe floods, devastating earthquakes, disturbing droughts, distressing smog, extreme temperature and torrential rainfall patterns. These calamities have affected people economically, socially, physically and mentally by posing a threat to earth, its species and their livelihood. This paper was aimed to document the natural calamities in Pakistan since the beginning of 21st century till date. The country is facing the problem of intense and longer summers and has witnessed two intense heat waves. Moreover, in some areas, extensive droughts are threatening crops, freshwater supply and wildlife. In recent years, the problem of smog has emerged in Pakistan, especially in Punjab. The problem is getting worse in every coming year due to overpopulation, cities expansion, increased emission of greenhouse gases, open burning of crop residues and extreme reliance on fossil fuels for energy purpose. So far in this century, Pakistan has faced 3 droughts, 2 heat waves, 10 severe floods, 27 major earthquakes, 2 consecutive sessions of severe smog and extreme high and low temperature events. Some of the deadliest events were; 2005 Kashmir earthquake claiming 87,350 human lives and 2010 flood impacting nearly 20 million people with 1,781 causalities. Change in climate is posing a severe threat to species, livelihood of the human beings and the earth. Global warming is causing warming of oceans and consequently rise in sea level. Climate change affects average as well as extreme temperatures hence increasing the probability climate-related disasters. Thus, global warming is causing a chain of catastrophic events that make the problem even more complex to understand

Landuse and Community-based Assessment of 2014 Flood Damages in Tehsil Phalia, Punjab: Landuse and Community-based Assessment of 2014 Flood Damages in Tehsil Phalia, Punjab

In this study the response and feedback from the flood-hit community of Phalia (Mandi Bahauddin) obtained through local interviews and filling of questionnaires have been analyzed. Secondary data were obtained from Pakistan meteorological and local revenue departments were also statistically analyzed. Several types of damages including houses, crops, diseases, economic loss, and livestock have been considered. Pre- and Post-flood changes in the landuse, by high resolution satellite data (Landsat 8 OLI) delineated coverage of inundation of 186.85 km2 area. It has been demonstrated that Phalia tehsil was severely damaged in 2014 rainfall induced flood in Chenab river which left lasting impacts on the socio-economic lives of local communities. The major damages experienced by the people of the study area included; house damages, crop damages, diseases, economic losses and livestock damages. It is necessary that government revises the flood prevention policies based on the community response to mitigate the disaster

Performance Analysis of the Explosion Applications Realized with Electronic Ignition System at Different Times in the Same Field: Performance Analysis of the Explosion Applications Realized with Electronic Ignition System at Different Times in the Same Field

In the modern world, the mining and construction sectors are developing rapidly and the need for engineering structures and substructures is increasing day by day. The quarries have been brought to an important place in the world within the scope of mining activities while the products needed by these structures are obtained especially from the quarries. Quarries are generally operated by forming benches according to the open pit mining method. In this production method, considering the state of geological structures in the field, the rocks (limestone, basalt, etc.) loosened by drilling and blasting applications are subjected to size reduction, loading and transportation processes. Therefore, the main objective of the present study is to compare the performance of blasting applications of electronic ignition system together with developing a model that can analyze the performance of ignition systems. In the evaluation of blasting performance, issues such as bulk particle size distribution, crushing and grinding processes, environmental effects, increase in production amount after blasting and cost of blasting were taken into consideration