Construcciones Civiles: Sistematización de la Construcción y Rehabilitación de la Avenida “El Café”

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/ig.v9i17.0335 Abstract The execution of urban road projects requires precise integration between infrastructure works and pavement structure construction. This article aims to systematize the technical construction processes observed and supervised during the on-site supervision of the "El Café" Avenue rehabilitation project. The scope of the study is limited to the water and sanitation infrastructure, specifically covering the construction of retaining walls, the installation of potable water and sewage networks, as well as the construction of sidewalks, curbs, and the granular layers of the road up to the base level. The methodology employed was descriptive-analytical, based on direct visual inspection in the field, monitoring of the construction log, and comparison of the construction drawings with current technical regulations. The results describe the construction practices applied in excavation, pipe installation, and quality control in the compaction of the subbase and base—critical stages prior to the placement of the asphalt pavement. Keywords: feasibility, infrastructure, construction, quality control.DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/ig.v9i17.0335 Resumen La ejecución de proyectos de vialidad urbana requiere una integración precisa entre las obras de infraestructura y la conformación de la estructura del pavimento. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo sistematizar los procesos constructivos técnicos observados y supervisados durante la residencia de obra en el proyecto de rehabilitación de la Avenida “El Café”, mientras que el alcance del estudio se delimita a las fases de infraestructura hidrosanitaria, abarcando específicamente la construcción de muros de contención, la instalación de redes de agua potable y alcantarillado, así como la ejecución de aceras, bordillos y las capas granulares de la vía hasta el nivel de base. La metodología empleada fue de carácter descriptivo-analítico, fundamentada en la inspección visual directa en campo, el seguimiento de la bitácora de obra y el cotejo de los planos constructivos con la normativa técnica vigente. Los resultados describen las prácticas constructivas aplicadas en la excavación, la instalación de tuberías y los controles de calidad en la compactación de la subbase y base, etapas críticas previas a la colocación de la carpeta asfáltica. Palabras clave: viabilidad, infraestructura, construcción, control de calidad. Abstract The execution of urban road projects requires precise integration between infrastructure works and pavement structure construction. This article aims to systematize the technical construction processes observed and supervised during the on-site supervision of the "El Café" Avenue rehabilitation project. The scope of the study is limited to the water and sanitation infrastructure, specifically covering the construction of retaining walls, the installation of potable water and sewage networks, as well as the construction of sidewalks, curbs, and the granular layers of the road up to the base level. The methodology employed was descriptive-analytical, based on direct visual inspection in the field, monitoring of the construction log, and comparison of the construction drawings with current technical regulations. The results describe the construction practices applied in excavation, pipe installation, and quality control in the compaction of the subbase and base—critical stages prior to the placement of the asphalt pavement. Keywords: feasibility, infrastructure, construction, quality control. Información del manuscrito:Fecha de recepción: 12 de diciembre de 2025.Fecha de aceptación: 20 de febrero de 2026.Fecha de publicación: 20 de marzo de 2026

Simulación de un sistema fotovoltaico de 33 MWp conectado a la red para optimizar generación sostenible

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/ig.v9i17.0320 Abstract This analysis examines the integration of a 33 MWp photovoltaic (PV) plant into a nine-bus IEEE electrical system to determine generation using PowerFactory. The aim is to establish how renewable generation influences the system's voltage profile and power flows. The PV system consists of 11 inverters and 6,400 solar panels, connected to bus 8, with a nominal capacity of 21.01 MW and a reactive power flow of 10.02 MVAr. Voltage values ​​are maintained within the permissible range (0.95–1.05 p.u.), with readings such as 1.029 p.u. at Bus 5, 1.040 p.u. at Bus 9, and 1.039 p.u. at Bus 10.029 p.u. at Bus 11.029 p.u. at Bus 10.03 ... On Bus 1, critical transmission corridors are evident in the highest flows, between Bus 4 and Bus 5 (-83.474 MW), and between Bus 6 and Bus 9 (-72.314 MW). PV, during daylight hours, provides up to 31.85 MW, equivalent to 8–9% of the total; conventional generation (G1: 73.45 MW, G2: 163 MW, and G3: 85 MW) contributes over 90% of the energy. The DC source functions as a storage system, absorbing between -10 MW and -33 MW. Although storage management needs optimization, these findings confirm that the system is not negatively impacted by PV integration and that this integration improves sustainability. Keywords: Photovoltaic Plant; Voltage; Modules; Generation; Overloads.DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/ig.v9i17.0320 Resumen Este análisis examina la incorporación de una planta fotovoltaica (PV) de 33 MWp en un sistema eléctrico IEEE de 9 barras, con el propósito de determinar la generación mediante el uso de PowerFactory. El propósito es establecer cómo la generación renovable influye en el perfil de tensión, flujos de potencia del sistema. La PV está formada por 11 inversores y 6.400 paneles solares, enlazada a la barra 8, con una capacidad nominal de 21.01 MW y un flujo reactivo de 10.02 MVAr. Los valores de tensión se mantienen en el rango permitido (0.95–1.05 p.u.), con registros como 1.029 p.u. en Bus 5, 1.040 p.u. en Bus 9 y 1.039 p.u. en Bus 1. Los corredores críticos de transmisión se evidencian en los flujos más altos, que son entre Bus 4 y Bus 5 (-83.474 MW), así como entre Bus 6 y Bus 9 (-72.314 MW). La PV, en horas de sol, proporciona hasta 31.85 MW, lo que equivale al 8–9% del total; la generación convencional, por su parte (G1: 73.45 MW, G2: 163 MW y G3: 85 MW), contribuye con más del 90% de la energía. La fuente de corriente continua funciona como un sistema de almacenamiento, absorbiendo entre -10 MW y -33 MW. A pesar de que se necesita optimizar la gestión del almacenamiento, estos descubrimientos confirman que el sistema no se ve afectada por la integración fotovoltaica y que esta mejora la sostenibilidad. Palabras clave: Planta Fotovoltaica; Voltaje; Módulos; Generación; Sobrecargas. Abstract This analysis examines the integration of a 33 MWp photovoltaic (PV) plant into a nine-bus IEEE electrical system to determine generation using PowerFactory. The aim is to establish how renewable generation influences the system's voltage profile and power flows. The PV system consists of 11 inverters and 6,400 solar panels, connected to bus 8, with a nominal capacity of 21.01 MW and a reactive power flow of 10.02 MVAr. Voltage values ​​are maintained within the permissible range (0.95–1.05 p.u.), with readings such as 1.029 p.u. at Bus 5, 1.040 p.u. at Bus 9, and 1.039 p.u. at Bus 10.029 p.u. at Bus 11.029 p.u. at Bus 10.03 ... On Bus 1, critical transmission corridors are evident in the highest flows, between Bus 4 and Bus 5 (-83.474 MW), and between Bus 6 and Bus 9 (-72.314 MW). PV, during daylight hours, provides up to 31.85 MW, equivalent to 8–9% of the total; conventional generation (G1: 73.45 MW, G2: 163 MW, and G3: 85 MW) contributes over 90% of the energy. The DC source functions as a storage system, absorbing between -10 MW and -33 MW. Although storage management needs optimization, these findings confirm that the system is not negatively impacted by PV integration and that this integration improves sustainability. Keywords: Photovoltaic Plant; Voltage; Modules; Generation; Overloads. Información del manuscrito:Fecha de recepción: 13 de octubre de 2025.Fecha de aceptación: 18 de diciembre de 2025.Fecha de publicación: 12 de enero de 2026

Fotogrametría aérea para la identificación de fallas en pavimentos flexibles

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/ig.v9i17.0337 Abstract Pavement condition assessment is a fundamental task for road infrastructure management. Traditionally, this process is carried out through field visual inspections, which involve high costs, significant time requirements, and safety risks for technical personnel. In this context, this study aims to identify and classify failures in flexible pavements using aerial photogrammetry techniques based on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The methodology included aerial image acquisition, orthomosaic generation, digital image processing, and supervised classification to detect different types of pavement distress. The results were compared with the traditional visual inspection method based on the Pavement Condition Index (PCI). The results allowed the identification of several types of pavement distress, including cracks, patches, potholes, and weathering, reaching a kappa index of 0.81. However, the comparison between visual inspection and photogrammetric classification showed an overall accuracy of 58%. Cracks and patches achieved the highest accuracy levels, while other failures were more difficult to distinguish due to spectral similarities and environmental factors. The study concludes that UAV-based photogrammetry represents a promising alternative for pavement monitoring, especially for preliminary assessments and large-scale surveys. Nevertheless. Keywords: UAV photogrammetry, flexible pavements, pavement distress, remote sensing, image classification.DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/ig.v9i17.0337 Resumen La evaluación de la condición de los pavimentos es una actividad fundamental para la gestión de infraestructuras viales. Tradicionalmente, este proceso se realiza mediante inspecciones visuales en campo, lo que implica altos costos, tiempo considerable y riesgos para el personal técnico. En este contexto, el presente estudio tiene como objetivo identificar y clasificar fallas en pavimentos flexibles mediante técnicas de fotogrametría aérea utilizando vehículos aéreos no tripulados (VANT). La metodología empleada incluyó la captura de imágenes aéreas, generación de ortomosaicos, procesamiento digital de imágenes y clasificación supervisada para identificar diferentes tipos de deterioro superficial. Posteriormente, los resultados fueron comparados con el método tradicional de inspección visual basado en el índice PCI (Pavement Condition Index). Los resultados permitieron identificar fallas como fisuras, parches, baches y meteorización, alcanzando un índice de concordancia kappa de 0,81. Sin embargo, la comparación entre la inspección visual y la clasificación fotogramétrica mostró una coincidencia global del 58 %. Las fisuras y parches presentaron mayores niveles de precisión, mientras que otras fallas se confundieron debido a similitudes espectrales y condiciones de iluminación. Se concluye que la fotogrametría aérea constituye una alternativa viable para el monitoreo de pavimentos, especialmente en procesos de evaluación preliminar y levantamientos de grandes extensiones de vías. No obstante, el método tradicional basado en inspección visual sigue siendo el más completo para la identificación detallada de fallas. Palabras clave: fotogrametría aérea, pavimentos flexibles, VANT, teledetección, clasificación de imágenes, PCI. Abstract Pavement condition assessment is a fundamental task for road infrastructure management. Traditionally, this process is carried out through field visual inspections, which involve high costs, significant time requirements, and safety risks for technical personnel. In this context, this study aims to identify and classify failures in flexible pavements using aerial photogrammetry techniques based on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The methodology included aerial image acquisition, orthomosaic generation, digital image processing, and supervised classification to detect different types of pavement distress. The results were compared with the traditional visual inspection method based on the Pavement Condition Index (PCI). The results allowed the identification of several types of pavement distress, including cracks, patches, potholes, and weathering, reaching a kappa index of 0.81. However, the comparison between visual inspection and photogrammetric classification showed an overall accuracy of 58%. Cracks and patches achieved the highest accuracy levels, while other failures were more difficult to distinguish due to spectral similarities and environmental factors. The study concludes that UAV-based photogrammetry represents a promising alternative for pavement monitoring, especially for preliminary assessments and large-scale surveys. Nevertheless. Keywords: UAV photogrammetry, flexible pavements, pavement distress, remote sensing, image classification. Información del manuscrito:Fecha de recepción: 13 de octubre de 2025.Fecha de aceptación: 18 de diciembre de 2025.Fecha de publicación: 12 de enero de 2026

Emulation of a hybrid micro-generation with storage system and grid injection

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/ig.v9i17.0321 Abstract This research shows the simulation of a hybrid microgrid with distributed generation, storage system and energy supply to the grid, using Simulink as a medium.  The objective is to demonstrate the feasibility of incorporating renewable resources, such as solar photovoltaic energy and batteries, in a battery system, in order to feed a 100-kW load and manage surpluses to a 440 V - 200 kVA grid. In this context, a model was created that merges an 85.2 kW PV system, a 6-kW battery and a 10-kWh battery system, connected through DC/DC and DC/AC converters. The simulation takes into account typical operating conditions, including a solar irradiation of 1000 W/m2.  Fundamental variables of electricity such as voltage, current and power are examined, in addition to hydrogen flow and system efficiency in different situations.  Furthermore, the results obtained indicate that, after a short transition period, the system reaches a stable state with average three-phase voltages of 506.27 V, currents of 2.69 A and an average active power of 1308.58 W. These circumstances facilitate reliable and technically appropriate operation to supply power into the grid.  The sine wave, the stability of the variables and the adequate storage management corroborate the feasibility of the suggested model as a sustainable and scalable energy response. Keywords: Hybrid microgrid, Distributed generation, Photovoltaic energy, Fuel cell, Energy storage, Grid injection.DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/ig.v9i17.0321 Resumen Esta investigación muestra la simulación de una microrred híbrida con generación distribuida, sistema de almacenamiento y suministro de energía a la red, utilizando Simulink como medio. El objetivo es demostrar la viabilidad de incorporar recursos renovables, como la energía solar fotovoltaica y las baterías, en un sistema de baterías para alimentar una carga de 100 kW y gestionar los excedentes de una red de 440 V - 200 kVA. En este contexto, se creó un modelo que fusiona un sistema fotovoltaico de 85,2 kW, una batería de 6 kW y un sistema de baterías de 10 kWh, conectados mediante convertidores CC/CC y CC/CA. La simulación considera condiciones de operación típicas, incluyendo una irradiación solar de 1000 W/m². Se examinan variables fundamentales de la electricidad, como el voltaje, la corriente y la potencia, además del flujo de hidrógeno y la eficiencia del sistema en diferentes situaciones. Además, los resultados obtenidos indican que, tras un breve período de transición, el sistema alcanza un estado estable con tensiones trifásicas promedio de 506,27 V, corrientes de 2,69 A y una potencia activa promedio de 1308,58 W. Estas circunstancias facilitan una operación confiable y técnicamente adecuada para suministrar energía a la red. La onda sinusoidal, la estabilidad de las variables y la adecuada gestión del almacenamiento corroboran la viabilidad del modelo sugerido como una respuesta energética sostenible y escalable. Palabras clave: Microrred híbrida, Generación distribuida, Energía fotovoltaica, Pila de combustible, Almacenamiento de energía, Inyección a la red. Abstract This research shows the simulation of a hybrid microgrid with distributed generation, storage system and energy supply to the grid, using Simulink as a medium.  The objective is to demonstrate the feasibility of incorporating renewable resources, such as solar photovoltaic energy and batteries, in a battery system, in order to feed a 100-kW load and manage surpluses to a 440 V - 200 kVA grid. In this context, a model was created that merges an 85.2 kW PV system, a 6-kW battery and a 10-kWh battery system, connected through DC/DC and DC/AC converters. The simulation takes into account typical operating conditions, including a solar irradiation of 1000 W/m2.  Fundamental variables of electricity such as voltage, current and power are examined, in addition to hydrogen flow and system efficiency in different situations.  Furthermore, the results obtained indicate that, after a short transition period, the system reaches a stable state with average three-phase voltages of 506.27 V, currents of 2.69 A and an average active power of 1308.58 W. These circumstances facilitate reliable and technically appropriate operation to supply power into the grid.  The sine wave, the stability of the variables and the adequate storage management corroborate the feasibility of the suggested model as a sustainable and scalable energy response. Keywords: Hybrid microgrid, Distributed generation, Photovoltaic energy, Fuel cell, Energy storage, Grid injection. Información del manuscrito:Fecha de recepción: 13 de octubre de 2025.Fecha de aceptación: 18 de diciembre de 2025.Fecha de publicación: 12 de enero de 2026

Madurez en sostenibilidad de infraestructura civil: percepción de profesionales en Manabí

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/ig.v9i17.0330 Abstract This quantitative, non-experimental, descriptive-correlational study evaluated the sustainability maturity of civil infrastructure among 104 construction sector professionals in Manabí, Ecuador, a disaster-vulnerable region. The results indicate an intermediate-emerging maturity level (means between 3.50 and 3.59 on a 5-point scale). The Regulatory Compliance dimension showed the highest mean (M=3.59), suggesting that legal pressure, such as that from the Organic Environmental Code, is a key driver for regulatory familiarity. However, critical gaps in practical implementation were identified, especially in the early integration of environmental criteria in planning (PS1=3.42) and the practical management of construction waste (MR3=3.41). The Perception of Functional Benefits was relatively favorable (M=3.56), with user satisfaction being the most valued benefit (BF4=3.60), representing a strategic attitudinal capital to drive change. Spearman's correlational analysis showed very strong systemic interdependencies between the dimensions (0.827-0.871), validating maturity as a comprehensive professional competence. These correlations highlight that training in early planning and strengthening regulatory oversight are crucial leverage points to generate a cascading effect of sustainable practices. Keywords: Maturity, Ecuador, Sustainable planning, Waste management, Environmental performance.DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/ig.v9i17.0330 Resumen Este estudio cuantitativo, no experimental y descriptivo-correlacional evaluó la madurez en sostenibilidad de la infraestructura civil entre 104 profesionales del sector construcción en Manabí, Ecuador, una región vulnerable a desastres. Los resultados indican un nivel de madurez intermedio-emergente (medias entre 3.50 y 3.59 en escala de 5 puntos). La dimensión de Cumplimiento Normativo mostró la media más alta (M=3.59), sugiriendo que la presión legal, como la del Código Orgánico del Ambiente, es un motor clave para la familiaridad con las regulaciones. Sin embargo, se identificaron brechas críticas en la implementación práctica, especialmente en la integración temprana de criterios ambientales en la planificación (PS1=3.42) y la gestión práctica de residuos de construcción (MR3=3.41). La Percepción de Beneficios Funcionales fue relativamente favorable (M=3.56), con la satisfacción de usuarios siendo el beneficio más valorado (BF4=3.60), lo que representa un capital actitudinal estratégico para promover el cambio. El análisis correlacional de Spearman mostró interdependencias sistémicas muy fuertes entre las dimensiones (0.827-0.871), validando la madurez como una competencia profesional integral. Estas correlaciones resaltan que la capacitación en planificación temprana y el fortalecimiento de la fiscalización normativa son puntos de apalancamiento importantes para generar un efecto cascada de prácticas sostenibles. Palabras clave: Madurez, Ecuador, Planificación sostenible, Gestión de residuos, Desempeño ambiental. Abstract This quantitative, non-experimental, descriptive-correlational study evaluated the sustainability maturity of civil infrastructure among 104 construction sector professionals in Manabí, Ecuador, a disaster-vulnerable region. The results indicate an intermediate-emerging maturity level (means between 3.50 and 3.59 on a 5-point scale). The Regulatory Compliance dimension showed the highest mean (M=3.59), suggesting that legal pressure, such as that from the Organic Environmental Code, is a key driver for regulatory familiarity. However, critical gaps in practical implementation were identified, especially in the early integration of environmental criteria in planning (PS1=3.42) and the practical management of construction waste (MR3=3.41). The Perception of Functional Benefits was relatively favorable (M=3.56), with user satisfaction being the most valued benefit (BF4=3.60), representing a strategic attitudinal capital to drive change. Spearman's correlational analysis showed very strong systemic interdependencies between the dimensions (0.827-0.871), validating maturity as a comprehensive professional competence. These correlations highlight that training in early planning and strengthening regulatory oversight are crucial leverage points to generate a cascading effect of sustainable practices. Keywords: Maturity, Ecuador, Sustainable planning, Waste management, Environmental performance. Información del manuscrito:Fecha de recepción: 11 de diciembre de 2025.Fecha de aceptación: 10 de febrero de 2026.Fecha de publicación: 10 de marzo de 2026

Estimación del módulo de elasticidad del hormigón con agregados reciclados de adoquines Ibarra – Ecuador

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/ig.v9i17.0325 Abstract This descriptive experimental research aimed to develop an equation to determine the modulus of elasticity for structural concrete with a compressive strength of 240 kg/cm2 incorporating recycled aggregates from waste pavers in Ibarra, Ecuador. Driven by the environmental issues regarding inadequate waste management and the need to adapt regulatory equations to local materials, the methodology involved material characterization and mix design following INEN and ASTM standards, substituting fine aggregate at percentages of 4%, 8%, and 12%. Tests conducted at 28 days demonstrated a direct relationship between the substitution level and elastic behavior, enabling the formulation of empirical equations that proved more accurate than the standard ACI 318-19 proposal, which exhibited limitations for these specific materials. Ultimately, it was concluded that incorporating up to 12% of recycled material is technically feasible without compromising compressive strength, validating a calculation tool that supports sustainable structural design and the valorization of construction waste in the regional context. Keywords: Structural concrete, modulus of elasticity, recycled aggregates, waste pavers, sustainable design, waste valorization.DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/ig.v9i17.0325 Resumen Esta investigación experimental descriptiva tuvo como objetivo desarrollar una ecuación para determinar el módulo de elasticidad en hormigón estructural de 240 kg/cm2, incorporando agregados reciclados provenientes de adoquines de desecho de la ciudad de Ibarra, Ecuador. Motivada por la gestión inadecuada de residuos y la necesidad de ajustar las normativas a materiales locales, la metodología incluyó la caracterización de materiales y el diseño de mezclas bajo normas INEN y ASTM, sustituyendo el agregado fino en porcentajes del 4%, 8% y 12%. Los ensayos realizados a los 28 días demostraron una relación directa entre el nivel de sustitución y el comportamiento elástico, permitiendo formular ecuaciones empíricas que resultaron ser más precisas que la propuesta estándar del ACI 318-19, la cual mostró limitaciones para estos materiales específicos. Finalmente, se concluyó que la incorporación de hasta un 12% de material reciclado es técnicamente viable sin comprometer la resistencia a la compresión, validando así una herramienta de cálculo que favorece el diseño sostenible y la valorización de residuos de construcción en el contexto regional. Palabras clave: Hormigón estructural, módulo de elasticidad, agregados reciclados, adoquines de desecho, diseño sostenible, valorización de residuos. Abstract This descriptive experimental research aimed to develop an equation to determine the modulus of elasticity for structural concrete with a compressive strength of 240 kg/cm2 incorporating recycled aggregates from waste pavers in Ibarra, Ecuador. Driven by the environmental issues regarding inadequate waste management and the need to adapt regulatory equations to local materials, the methodology involved material characterization and mix design following INEN and ASTM standards, substituting fine aggregate at percentages of 4%, 8%, and 12%. Tests conducted at 28 days demonstrated a direct relationship between the substitution level and elastic behavior, enabling the formulation of empirical equations that proved more accurate than the standard ACI 318-19 proposal, which exhibited limitations for these specific materials. Ultimately, it was concluded that incorporating up to 12% of recycled material is technically feasible without compromising compressive strength, validating a calculation tool that supports sustainable structural design and the valorization of construction waste in the regional context. Keywords: Structural concrete, modulus of elasticity, recycled aggregates, waste pavers, sustainable design, waste valorization. Información del manuscrito:Fecha de recepción: 13 de octubre de 2025.Fecha de aceptación: 17 de diciembre de 2025.Fecha de publicación: 12 de enero de 2026

Alteración de la calidad del suelo por incendios forestales, en función del cambio climático en la provincia de Pichincha, Ecuador

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/ig.v9i17.0322 Abstract Forest fires are one of the main factors altering Andean ecosystems, directly affecting the physical and chemical properties of the soil. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of fire severity on soil quality through the integrated analysis of satellite data and soil variables in an area affected by forest fires during the dry season (September–October 2024) in the province of Pichincha, Ecuador. Fire severity was determined using the Normalized Burn Rate (NBR) and its temporal variation (dNBR), employing pre- and post-fire satellite imagery from NASA, following the methodological guidelines proposed by the USGS and UN-SPIDER. Based on this classification, seven severity levels were established. Sixty-two soil samples were collected, according to the criteria established in Ministerial Agreement 097A. These samples were analyzed in the laboratory for a total of 21 analytical variables, prioritizing nine key variables: pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter, nitrogen, potassium, texture, calcium, sulfur, and phosphorus. The results show that high-severity fires generate a significant decrease in essential nutrients, alterations in soil texture, and changes in chemical equilibrium, while unburned soils and those affected by low-severity fires maintain more stable soil conditions. It is concluded that fire severity decisively controls the physicochemical dynamics of the soil, directly influencing its fertility, stability, and ecological recovery capacity. These results highlight the importance of incorporating fire severity as a fundamental criterion in management, restoration, and environmental planning strategies in scenarios of increased fires associated with climate change. Keywords: Soil, fire, climate change, drought.DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/ig.v9i17.0322 Resumen Los incendios forestales constituyen uno de los principales factores de alteración de los ecosistemas andinos, afectando de manera directa las propiedades físicas y químicas del suelo. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto de la severidad del incendio sobre la calidad del suelo mediante el análisis integrado de información satelital y variables edáficas en un área afectada por incendios forestales ocurridos durante la época de sequía (septiembre–octubre de 2024) en la provincia de Pichincha, Ecuador. La severidad del incendio se determinó a partir del Índice Normalizado de Área Quemada (NBR) y su variación temporal (dNBR), empleando imágenes satelitales pre y post-incendio de la NASA, siguiendo los lineamientos metodológicos propuestos por USGS y UN-SPIDER. Con base en esta clasificación, se establecieron siete niveles de severidad. Se recolectaron 62 muestras de suelo, conforme a los criterios establecidos en el Acuerdo Ministerial 097A, las cuales fueron analizadas en laboratorio para un total de 21 variables analíticas, priorizando nueve variables clave: pH, conductividad eléctrica, materia orgánica, nitrógeno, potasio, textura, calcio, azufre y fósforo. Los resultados evidencian que los incendios de alta severidad generan una disminución significativa de nutrientes esenciales, alteraciones en la textura del suelo y cambios en el equilibrio químico, mientras que los suelos sin quemar y aquellos afectados por incendios de baja severidad mantienen condiciones edáficas más estables. Se concluye que la severidad del fuego controla de manera determinante la dinámica físico-química del suelo, influyendo directamente en su fertilidad, estabilidad y capacidad de recuperación ecológica. Estos resultados resaltan la importancia de incorporar la severidad del incendio como criterio fundamental en estrategias de manejo, restauración y planificación ambiental en escenarios de incremento de incendios asociados al cambio climático. Palabras clave: Suelo, incendio, cambio climático, sequía. Abstract Forest fires are one of the main factors altering Andean ecosystems, directly affecting the physical and chemical properties of the soil. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of fire severity on soil quality through the integrated analysis of satellite data and soil variables in an area affected by forest fires during the dry season (September–October 2024) in the province of Pichincha, Ecuador. Fire severity was determined using the Normalized Burn Rate (NBR) and its temporal variation (dNBR), employing pre- and post-fire satellite imagery from NASA, following the methodological guidelines proposed by the USGS and UN-SPIDER. Based on this classification, seven severity levels were established. Sixty-two soil samples were collected, according to the criteria established in Ministerial Agreement 097A. These samples were analyzed in the laboratory for a total of 21 analytical variables, prioritizing nine key variables: pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter, nitrogen, potassium, texture, calcium, sulfur, and phosphorus. The results show that high-severity fires generate a significant decrease in essential nutrients, alterations in soil texture, and changes in chemical equilibrium, while unburned soils and those affected by low-severity fires maintain more stable soil conditions. It is concluded that fire severity decisively controls the physicochemical dynamics of the soil, directly influencing its fertility, stability, and ecological recovery capacity. These results highlight the importance of incorporating fire severity as a fundamental criterion in management, restoration, and environmental planning strategies in scenarios of increased fires associated with climate change. Keywords: Soil, fire, climate change, drought. Información del manuscrito:Fecha de recepción: 13 de octubre de 2025.Fecha de aceptación: 18 de diciembre de 2025.Fecha de publicación: 12 de enero de 2026

GeoGebra como herramienta de Modelación Matemática: Evaluación mixta de percepciones Estudiantiles y Docentes

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/ig.v9i17.0340 Abstract The Ecuadorian educational system faces substantial challenges in the teaching of mathematics, especially at the secondary education level. Among the main difficulties are the inadequacy of traditional pedagogical methods to address abstract concepts, lack of student motivation, and limited integration of technological tools. This study, conducted at the "Nuestra Señora del Rosario de Pompeya" Educational Unit, evaluated the perceptions of students and teachers regarding the use of GeoGebra as a mathematical modeling tool. Through a mixed-methods approach based on a quasi-experimental design, data were collected through interviews with teachers and surveys directed at students, framed within the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). The results indicate that GeoGebra not only facilitates the understanding of complex mathematical concepts but also promotes a more interactive and participatory learning experience. Teachers emphasized the need for training to fully leverage the tool's potential, while students appreciated its accessibility and ease of use, showing an overall positive perception. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that GeoGebra is an effective solution for improving mathematics instruction by enhancing the educational process and sparking student interest. Its integration into the school curriculum represents an opportunity to advance towards more meaningful learning aligned with the demands of the current educational context. However, the need for additional training and time to facilitate optimal implementation is underscored. Keywords: Educational Software, Educational Technology, Technological Tools, Technology Acceptance Model (TAM).DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/ig.v9i17.0340 Resumen El sistema educativo ecuatoriano enfrenta retos sustanciales en la enseñanza de las matemáticas, especialmente a nivel de educación secundaria. Entre las principales dificultades se encuentran la insuficiencia de métodos pedagógicos tradicionales para abordar conceptos abstractos, la falta de motivación por parte de los estudiantes y la escasa integración de herramientas tecnológicas. Este estudio, realizado en la Unidad Educativa "Nuestra Señora del Rosario de Pompeya", evaluó las percepciones de estudiantes y docentes sobre el uso de GeoGebra como herramienta de modelación matemática. A través de un enfoque mixto, basado en el diseño cuasi experimental, se recopilaron datos mediante entrevistas a docentes y encuestas dirigidas a estudiantes, enmarcados en el Modelo de Aceptación Tecnológica (TAM). Los resultados obtenidos evidencian que GeoGebra no solo facilita la comprensión de conceptos matemáticos complejos, sino que también fomenta un aprendizaje más interactivo y participativo. Los docentes resaltaron la necesidad de recibir capacitación para aprovechar al máximo el potencial de la herramienta, mientras que los estudiantes valoraron su accesibilidad y facilidad de uso, mostrando una percepción general positiva. En conclusión, este estudio demuestra que GeoGebra constituye una solución efectiva para mejorar la enseñanza de las matemáticas, al dinamizar el proceso educativo y despertar el interés de los estudiantes. Su integración en el currículo escolar representa una oportunidad para avanzar hacia un aprendizaje más significativo y alineado con las exigencias del contexto educativo actual. No obstante, se subraya la necesidad de capacitación adicional y de tiempo para facilitar una implementación óptima. Palabras clave: Software Educativo, tecnología educativa, herramientas tecnológicas, modelo de aceptación tecnológica (TAM). Abstract The Ecuadorian educational system faces substantial challenges in the teaching of mathematics, especially at the secondary education level. Among the main difficulties are the inadequacy of traditional pedagogical methods to address abstract concepts, lack of student motivation, and limited integration of technological tools. This study, conducted at the "Nuestra Señora del Rosario de Pompeya" Educational Unit, evaluated the perceptions of students and teachers regarding the use of GeoGebra as a mathematical modeling tool. Through a mixed-methods approach based on a quasi-experimental design, data were collected through interviews with teachers and surveys directed at students, framed within the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). The results indicate that GeoGebra not only facilitates the understanding of complex mathematical concepts but also promotes a more interactive and participatory learning experience. Teachers emphasized the need for training to fully leverage the tool's potential, while students appreciated its accessibility and ease of use, showing an overall positive perception. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that GeoGebra is an effective solution for improving mathematics instruction by enhancing the educational process and sparking student interest. Its integration into the school curriculum represents an opportunity to advance towards more meaningful learning aligned with the demands of the current educational context. However, the need for additional training and time to facilitate optimal implementation is underscored. Keywords: Educational Software, Educational Technology, Technological Tools, Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). Información del manuscrito:Fecha de recepción: 09 de enero de 2026.Fecha de aceptación: 20 de marzo de 2026.Fecha de publicación: 20 de abril de 2026

Uso del simulador PhET como apoyo en el proceso enseñanza - aprendizaje de la matemática

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/ig.v9i17.0341 Abstract The use of digital tools in mathematics, such as interactive simulators, has allowed for a visual and dynamic approach to many abstract concepts, fostering the development of logical-mathematical thinking. The main objective of this article is to determine the effectiveness of using the PhET simulator in the teaching-learning process of mathematics compared to traditional instruction. The methodology applied was quantitative, with a quasi-experimental design and simple random sampling, involving 63 eighth-grade students from Basic General Education (EGB) in two institutions: one Fiscomisional (faith-based) and the other Fiscal (public). Pre-test (diagnostic) and post-test (summative) assessments were administered, followed by both descriptive and inferential analysis. It was determined that the data did not meet normality assumptions, so the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test was used. The results yielded a p = .0153, indicating a statistically significant difference in favor of the Fiscomisional institution, which enhanced its teaching process by implementing the PhET simulator as a didactic resource. This tool actively engaged students in constructing their knowledge more meaningfully, unlike the Fiscal institution, which maintained a traditional methodology with passive content delivery. It is suggested that future research analyzes the impact of simulator applications in mathematics education. Keywords: Learning. Fiscal. Fiscomisional. Mathematical. Simulator. Technological tool.DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/ig.v9i17.0341 Resumen El uso de herramientas digitales en el área de la matemática, como los simuladores interactivos, han permitido abordar, de forma visual y dinámica, muchos de los conceptos abstractos, lo que favorece el desarrollo del pensamiento lógico-matemático. El objetivo principal de este artículo es determinar la efectividad del uso del simulador PhET en el proceso enseñanza-aprendizaje de la matemática, frente a una enseñanza tradicional. La metodología aplicada fue con un enfoque cuantitativo en un diseño cuasi-experimental, con un muestreo probabilístico simple, considerando a 63 estudiantes de Octavo de Educación General Básica (EGB) de dos instituciones: una Fiscomisional y la otra Fiscal. Se aplicaron evaluaciones pre-test (diagnóstica) y post-test (sumativa) para un posterior análisis tanto descriptivo como inferencial. Se determinó que los datos no cumplían con la normalidad por lo que, se procedió a utilizar la prueba no paramétrica de Mann-Whitney U. Los resultados arrojados presentaron un p = .0153, lo que determina que existe una diferencia estadística significativa a favor de la institución fiscomisional que reforzó su proceso con la implementación del simulador PhET, como recurso didáctico que involucra activamente a los estudiantes en la construcción de su conocimiento de manera más significativa a diferencia de la fiscal que conservó una metodología tradicional con la exposición de contenidos de forma pasiva. Se sugiere que en futuras investigaciones se analice el impacto de la aplicación de simuladores en el área de la matemática. Palabras clave: Aprendizaje. Herramienta tecnológica. Fiscal. Fiscomisional. Matemática. Simulador. Abstract The use of digital tools in mathematics, such as interactive simulators, has allowed for a visual and dynamic approach to many abstract concepts, fostering the development of logical-mathematical thinking. The main objective of this article is to determine the effectiveness of using the PhET simulator in the teaching-learning process of mathematics compared to traditional instruction. The methodology applied was quantitative, with a quasi-experimental design and simple random sampling, involving 63 eighth-grade students from Basic General Education (EGB) in two institutions: one Fiscomisional (faith-based) and the other Fiscal (public). Pre-test (diagnostic) and post-test (summative) assessments were administered, followed by both descriptive and inferential analysis. It was determined that the data did not meet normality assumptions, so the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test was used. The results yielded a p = .0153, indicating a statistically significant difference in favor of the Fiscomisional institution, which enhanced its teaching process by implementing the PhET simulator as a didactic resource. This tool actively engaged students in constructing their knowledge more meaningfully, unlike the Fiscal institution, which maintained a traditional methodology with passive content delivery. It is suggested that future research analyzes the impact of simulator applications in mathematics education. Keywords: Learning. Fiscal. Fiscomisional. Mathematical. Simulator. Technological tool. Información del manuscrito:Fecha de recepción: 09 de enero de 2026.Fecha de aceptación: 20 de marzo de 2026.Fecha de publicación: 20 de abril de 2026

Proyectos de construcción civil eficiente en la educación superior

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/ig.v9i17.0332 Abstract Efficient civil construction projects in higher education are one way to improve the quality of professional training and foster responsible practices in engineering and architecture. Within the university setting, carrying out efficient civil construction projects allows for the integration of theoretical knowledge with practical experience, while simultaneously helping students internalize the technical, analytical, and management skills necessary to address current infrastructure and urban development challenges. Efficient civil construction involves resource optimization, cost reduction, responsible use of materials, and the incorporation of technologies that contribute to improving the structural and environmental performance of buildings, among other things. In this regard, higher education institutions play a key role by implementing research, classroom projects, and professional internships focused on innovation and sustainability in the field of civil construction. Furthermore, the incorporation of modern planning, design, and project management methodologies promotes the acquisition of skills for carrying out efficient and sustainable projects. Hence, the role of higher education in training professionals capable of responding to the demands of urban development and infrastructure, thereby contributing to the development of construction solutions that optimize resources and mitigate underlying environmental impacts. Keywords: civil construction, construction efficiency, higher education, sustainability, engineering projects.DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/ig.v9i17.0332 Resumen Los proyectos de construcción civil eficiente en la educación superior constituyen una de las vías para mejorar la calidad de la formación profesional y a la formación de prácticas responsables en la ingeniería y la arquitectura. En el marco universitario, la realización de proyectos de construcción civil eficiente permite abordar el conocimiento teórico articulando la práctica, al mismo tiempo que ayuda al estudiante a internalizar habilidades técnicas y analíticas, de gestión necesarias para afrontar los problemas actuales de la infraestructura y del desarrollo urbano. La construcción civil eficiente implica la optimización de recursos, reducción de costos, uso responsable de los materiales, incorporación de tecnologías que contribuyan a mejorar el comportamiento estructural y ambiental de las edificaciones, etc. En este sentido, las instituciones de educación superior juegan un papel clave en la medida que llevan a la práctica investigaciones, proyectos de clase y prácticas profesionales orientadas a la innovación y la sostenibilidad en el campo de la construcción civil. Por otra parte, la incorporación de modernas metodologías de planificación, diseño o gestión de proyectos favorece la adquisición de competencias para la realización de obras eficientes y sostenibles. De aquí, el papel que desempeña la educación superior para la formación de profesionales capaces de responder a las demandas del desarrollo urbano y la infraestructura, contribuyendo así al desarrollo de soluciones constructivas que optimicen los recursos y las cargas ambientales subyacentes. Palabras clave: construcción civil, eficiencia constructiva, educación superior, sostenibilidad, proyectos de ingeniería. Abstract Efficient civil construction projects in higher education are one way to improve the quality of professional training and foster responsible practices in engineering and architecture. Within the university setting, carrying out efficient civil construction projects allows for the integration of theoretical knowledge with practical experience, while simultaneously helping students internalize the technical, analytical, and management skills necessary to address current infrastructure and urban development challenges. Efficient civil construction involves resource optimization, cost reduction, responsible use of materials, and the incorporation of technologies that contribute to improving the structural and environmental performance of buildings, among other things. In this regard, higher education institutions play a key role by implementing research, classroom projects, and professional internships focused on innovation and sustainability in the field of civil construction. Furthermore, the incorporation of modern planning, design, and project management methodologies promotes the acquisition of skills for carrying out efficient and sustainable projects. Hence, the role of higher education in training professionals capable of responding to the demands of urban development and infrastructure, thereby contributing to the development of construction solutions that optimize resources and mitigate underlying environmental impacts. Keywords: civil construction, construction efficiency, higher education, sustainability, engineering projects. Información del manuscrito:Fecha de recepción: 11 de diciembre de 2025.Fecha de aceptación: 20 de febrero de 2026.Fecha de publicación: 16 de marzo de 2026