1703 research outputs found

    Verification of heated water jet numerical model

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    Reported are diverse efforts to verify, or test the accuracy of,a numerical model for thermal pollution predictions. The model,developed by Prych (1972) at SMHI, is an integral analysis ofa buoyant, turbulent surface jet. The program. is slightly revised,and effects of the changes are presented. Numerical model results are compared directly with ten prototype situations: eight sets of data from a Swedish power station on the coast of the Baltic Sea, and data from two power plants on Lake Michigan in the United States. A few direct comparisons are made with a laboratory model of the Swedish plant and with laboratory data for momentumless surface jets. To minimize coastal effects, a scheme is presented for interfacing then umerical model with undistorted laboratory model results. The discharge situation is described nondimensionally, and numerical experiments are made to determine the sensitivities of jet temperatures to input variables. Results are compared with phenomenological and analytical models. In addition to the main verification effort, investigations are made concerning methods of field data collection. Conclusions are presented for direct application and for relative or comparative use of the numerical model

    Sea surface temperatures in waters surrounding Sweden

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    Ett av delprojekten i den havsisforskning som på uppdrag av Sjöfartsverket bedrivs vid SMHI rör havets och isens termodynamik. Vid dessa studier spelar ytvattentemperaturen en fundamental roll. Under de senaste åren har därför mätverksarnheten intensiverats, speciellt ute till havs, båtar har utrustats med nya fjärrinstrument, insamlingsförarandet har rationaliserats, ytvattentemparaturens fördelning har analyserats varannan dag och informationen har lagrats i digital form. Instrumenten och deras noggrannhet har beskrivits och mätmetoderna jämförts. Dessutom har ytvattentemperaturkartor för perioden juli 1973 - juli 1974, som visar variationerna under året, tendenser till cirkulationsmönster, kusteffekter och "up-welling" diskuterats.One of the sub-projects within the sea ice research programme carried out at SMHI deals with the thermodynamics of the sea and the ice. In these studies the sea surface temperature plays a fundamental r ole. During the latest years considerable efforts have been made in order to obtain more temperature observations, in particular from the open sea. Various vessels have been equipped with new instruments, the collection of observations improved, the sea surface temperature distribution analyzed every second day and all information stored in digital form. The instruments are discribed and their specifications given in the report. Various observational methods are compared and examples of sea surface temperature analyses for the period July 1973 - July 1974  illustrating yearly variations, tendency to circulation patterns, coastal effects, up-welling etc. are given

    Development on an unsteady atmospheric boundary layer model

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    För att tjäna som ett hjälpmedel för lokalprognoser och flygplatsprognoser har vid SMHI startats ett arbete med att utveckla en atmosfärisk gränsskiktsmodell. Modellen ska kopplas till en storskalig, numerisk prognosmodell som förser den med variabla randvärden för vind, temperatur och fuktighet. Istället för att använda de vanliga Ekman-ekvationerna har använts en metod utvecklad av L N Gutman (1969) fär att härleda gränsskiktsekvationerf ör en en-dimensionell modell. Dessa ekvationer har fördelen att de filtrerar bort de tröghet-diffusionssvängningar som är närvarande i ett Ekman-skikt när den geostrofiska vinden varierar i tiden. En enkel, torr version av modellen har utnyttjats för att studera effekten av variationen i tiden av bakgrundsvinden (den storskaliga vinden). En turbulent utbyteskoefficient, som är grundad på Manin & Obukhovs similaritetsteori och som använder Blackadars reduktion av blandningslängden, har använts i dessa experiment. Crank-Nicolson-metoden har utnyttjats vid den numeriska tidsintegrationen. Beräkningsresultaten visar att det blir stora skillnader mellan vinden beräknad ur den icke-stationära modellen och motsvarande stationära lösningar. Detta visas med vindhodografer vid olika tidpunkter samt med figurer med friktionshastigheten, u*, och tvärisobara vinkeln som funktion av tiden. Slutligen har också en jämförelse gjorts mellan två olika analytiska lösningar samt en finit differenslösning, från vilka värmeflödena vid jordytan, beroende på värmeledning, i marken som funktion av tiden har beräknats.To serve as an aid in preparing lecal ferecasts as well as landing ferecasts at airports, a develepment ef an atmospheric boundary layer model has been started at SMHI. The model is going to use large scale wind, temperature and moisture predictions from a numerical weather prediction model as variable boundary conditions. Instead ef using the ordinary Ekman boundary layer equations an approach due te L N Gutman (1969) has been used in deriving a set of one-dimensional boundary layer equations. It is shown that this formulation filters out inertial- diffusive oscillations, which are present in an Ekman boundary layer due to time variation in the geostrephic wind. Experiments with variable large scale winds have been done, using a simple dry medel with prescribed variations in the boundary values for wind and temperature. A turbulent exchange coefficient formulation has been used, which is based on Monin & Obukhov´s similarity theory and which uses a mixing length formulation due to Blackadar. For the numerical solution a Crank-Nicolson scheme has been used. The computations show large differences between the steady state and the unsteady state solutions.This is shown in wind hodegraphs as well as in time functions of friction velocity,u* and cross isobar angle. Finally, from two different analytical solutions as well as a finite difference solution of the heat conduction equation, heat fluxes at the earth's surface due to heat conduction in the soil have been computed. These analytical solutions have been compared in terms of accuracy and efficiency

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