Psychologie sociale appliquée aux grandes thématiques contemporaines. Sécurité routière, religion, environnement, discrimination, travail

La psychologie sociale appliquée peut être définie comme appliquant des théories et des methodes de la psychologie sociale pour comprendre et offrir des solutions concrètes à un grand nombre de problèmes sociaux. Dans une perspective de compréhension et de modification de comportements problématiques, les psychologues sociaux effectuent un examen scientifique des pensées, sentiments et comportements contextualisés et soumis à diverses influences sociales. C\u27est Kurt Lewin (1890-1947) qui a marqué le début de la psychologie sociale appliquée moderne en proposant aux psychologues sociaux de s\u27engager dans ce qu\u27il a nommé "la recherche-action"

Outcomes of operative vaginal delivery managed by residents under supervision and attending obstetricians: a prospective cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND: To assess both severe maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity after attempted operative vaginal deliveries by residents under supervision and by attending obstetricians. STUDY DESIGN: Secondary analysis of a five-year prospective study with cross-sectional analysis including 2192 women with live singleton term fetuses in vertex presentation who underwent an attempted operative vaginal delivery in a tertiary care university hospital. Obstetricians who attempted or performed an operative vaginal delivery were classified into two groups according to their level of experience: attending obstetricians (who had 5 years or more of experience) and obstetric residents (who had less than 5 years of experience) under the supervision of an attending obstetrician. We used multivariate logistic regression and propensity score methods to compare outcomes associated with attending obstetricians and obstetric residents. Severe maternal morbidity was defined as third- or fourth-degree perineal laceration, perineal hematoma, cervical laceration, extended uterine incision for cesareans, postpartum hemorrhage > 1500 ml, surgical hemostatic procedures, uterine artery embolization, blood transfusion, infection, thromboembolic events, admission to the intensive care unit, or maternal death; severe neonatal morbidity was defined as a 5-minute Apgar score < 7, umbilical artery pH < 7.00, need for resuscitation or intubation, neonatal trauma, intraventricular hemorrhage > grade 2, neonatal intensive care unit admission for more than 24 hours, convulsions, sepsis, or neonatal death. RESULTS: High prepregnancy BMI, second-stage pushing phase longer than 30 minutes, high dose of oxytocin, manual rotation, persistent occiput posterior or transverse positions, operating room delivery, midpelvic delivery, forceps, and spatulas were significantly more frequent in deliveries managed by attending obstetricians than residents whereas a second-stage pushing phase longer than 30 minutes was significantly more frequent in deliveries managed by residents. The rate of severe maternal morbidity was 7.8% (115/1475) for residents versus 9.9% (48/484) for attending obstetricians; for severe neonatal morbidity, the rates were 8.3% (123/1475) versus 15.1% (73/484), respectively. In the univariate, multivariable, and sensitivity analyses, attempted operative vaginal delivery managed by a resident was significantly and inversely associated with severe neonatal but not maternal morbidity. After propensity score matching, delivery managed by a resident was not significantly associated with severe maternal morbidity (adjusted OR: 0.74, 95% CI: 0.39-1.38) and was no longer associated with neonatal morbidity (adjusted OR: 0.51, 95% CI: 0.25-1.04). CONCLUSIONS: Management of attempted operative vaginal deliveries by residents under the supervision of attending obstetricians, compared with by the attending obstetricians themselves, does not appear to be associated with either maternal or neonatal morbidity. These reassuring results support the continued use of residency programs for training in operative vaginal deliveries under the supervision of attending obstetricians

Enhanced recovery after spine surgery: review of the literature

The concept of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) entails recovery facilitation of patients who undergo surgery through the implementation of a multidisciplinary and multimodal perioperative care approach. By its application, ERAS improves the overall functional outcome after surgery while maintaining high standards of care. A review of the essential aspects of ERAS in spine surgery was undertaken. Special consideration was given to the risks and benefits for patients and caregivers, as well as the medical and economical aspects of this concept. ABBREVIATIONS EBL = estimated blood loss; ERAS = Enhanced Recovery After Surgery; MISS = minimally invasive spine surgery; TLIF = transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion

Recent Applications of Multispectral Imaging for Seed Phenotyping and Quality Monitoring – an Overview

As a synergistic integration between spectroscopy and imaging technologies, spectral imaging modalities have been emerged to tackle quality evaluation dilemmas by proposing different designs with effective and practical applications in food and agriculture. With the advantage of acquiring spatio-spectral data across a wide range of the electromagnetic spectrum, the state-of-the-art multispectral imaging in tandem with different multivariate chemometric analysis scenarios has been successfully implemented not only for food quality and safety control purposes, but also in dealing with critical research challenges in seed science and technology. This paper will shed some light on the fundamental configuration of the systems and give a birds-eye view of all recent approaches in the acquisition, processing and reproduction of multispectral images for various applications in seed quality assessment and seed phenotyping issues. This review article continues from where earlier review papers stopped but it only focused on fully-operated multispectral imaging systems for quality assessment of different sorts of seeds. Thence, the review comprehensively highlights research attempts devoted to real implementations of only fully-operated multispectral imaging systems and does not consider those ones that just utilized some key wavelengths extracted from hyperspectral data analyses without building independent multispectral imaging systems. This makes this article the first attempt in briefing all published papers in multispectral imaging applications in seed phenotyping and quality monitoring by providing some examples and research results in characterizing physicochemical quality traits, predicting physiological parameters, detection of defect, pest infestation and seed health

Open-CSAM, a new tool for semi-automated analysis of myofiber cross-sectional area in regenerating adult skeletal muscle

Adult skeletal muscle is capable of complete regeneration after an acute injury. The main parameter studied to assess muscle regeneration efficacy is the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the myofibers as myofiber size correlates with muscle force. CSA analysis can be time-consuming and may trigger variability in the results when performed manually. This is why programs were developed to completely automate the analysis of the CSA, such as SMASH, MyoVision, or MuscleJ softwares. Although these softwares are efficient to measure CSA on normal or hypertrophic/atrophic muscle, they fail to efficiently measure CSA on regenerating muscles. We developed Open-CSAM, an ImageJ macro, to perform a high throughput semi-automated analysis of CSA on skeletal muscle from various experimental conditions. The macro allows the experimenter to adjust the analysis and correct the mistakes done by the automation, which is not possible with fully automated programs. We showed that Open-CSAM was more accurate to measure CSA in regenerating and dystrophic muscles as compared with SMASH, MyoVision, and MuscleJ softwares and that the inter-experimenter variability was negligible. We also showed that, to obtain a representative CSA measurement, it was necessary to analyze the whole muscle section and not randomly selected pictures, a process that was easily and accurately be performed using Open-CSAM. To conclude, we show here an easy and experimenter-controlled tool to measure CSA in muscles from any experimental condition, including regenerating muscle

(Re)organisation of the somatosensory system after early brain lesion: A lateralization index fMRI study

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between neural (re)organization of the somatosensory cortex and impairment of sensory function (2-point discrimination [2PD]) in individuals with unilateral cerebral palsy. METHODS: We included 21 individuals with unilateral cerebral palsy. 2PD thresholds were evaluated on thumb pads, and activation of the somatosensory cortex was recorded by functional MRI (fMRI) during passive movements of the affected hand. A lateralization index (LI) was calculated for the primary sensory (S1) and secondary sensory (S2) cortices and the correlation between the LI and 2PD thresholds was analysed. RESULTS: We found a significant negative correlation between the 2PD thresholds and the S2 LI (r=-0.5, one-tailed P-value=0.01) and a trend towards a negative correlation with the S1 LI (r=-0.4, one-tailed P-value=0.05). CONCLUSION: High levels of activation in the contralesional hemisphere were associated with high levels of sensory impairment in individuals with unilateral cerebral palsy. The interhemispheric (re)organization of the somatosensory system may not effectively compensate for somatosensory impairment

Historicité et subjectivité du parcours européiste de Louise Weiss

Tous les écrits, films ou expositions réalisés sur la vie de Louise Weiss (1893-1983) insistent sur le fait qu’elle est méconnue, alors qu’elle a pu avoir une certaine influence. Elle est ainsi considérée comme une précurseure de l’unification de l’Europe et non comme une constructrice, son engagement européiste étant en quelque sorte entre parenthèses au moment où les fondateurs ont posé les bases de la construction européenne. Dans ses écrits, Louise Weiss a modelé elle-même la trace qu’elle voulait laisser dans l’histoire et pris grand soin de mettre en scène son rôle dans différents combats du siècle : la paix, le vote des femmes, la résistance, l’Europe. Elle a ainsi (re)construit une trajectoire personnelle en l’articulant à l’histoire et sans résister à la tentation téléologique. L’objectif de cette contribution est évaluer les modalités de l’engagement européiste de Louise Weiss

Entre co-construction, appropriation et émancipation : les enjeux d’une recherche collaborative Twin CIFRE

The Twin CIFRE system, which is a particular thesis context, raises particular issues regarding doctoral student’s position regarding their field, their scientific posture and the practice of interdisciplinarity. Through a feedback on two theses completed in this context, this chapter proposes a reflection on these challenges. How can the PhD student engaged in such a collaborative and interdisciplinary setting adjust his·her research posture? We will present the reflexive and methodological process that has led to the setting of a particular research posture combining disciplinary reflection and field approach. The process described involves a reflection on the practice of interdisciplinarity assumed by the Twin CIFRE framework, an analysis of the research posture, an appropriation of the norms of the institution studied, a deconstruction of the commission and a reappropriation of the object.