Mutations des paysages agraires coloniaux d’Anjouan

Anjouan est l’île la plus accidentée et la plus densément peuplée de l’archipel des Comores avec une superficie de 424 km2 pour une population dépassant 600 000 habitants. Alternant entre cultures vivrières et de rente, les paysages agraires actuels d’Anjouan résultent non seulement d’héritages, mais aussi de mutations spatio-temporelles : avant, pendant et après la colonisation. Les effets sociaux fonciers, économiques et environnementaux de la colonisation dans la transformation de ces paysages ne sont pas encore élucidés. Pour mieux répondre à cette problématique, nous adopterons une approche diachronique verticale et horizontale mettant en comparaison l’imagerie ancienne et actuelle. L’approche verticale consiste à confronter des photographies aériennes de 1950, 1969 et 1988 avec des images récentes de Google Earth. Quant à l’approche horizontale, nous utiliserons des photographies panoramiques remontant aux années 1940 comparées à des photographies récentes prises au même lieu. Elle a l’avantage de faire apparaître les paysages agraires tels que vécus et perçus par les communautés locales. Cette approche par l’imagerie sera complétée par des observations et des enquêtes sur les perceptions, les atouts et les inconvénients de la colonisation dans la transformation des paysages agraires.   Cette recherche élucidera les dynamiques d’évolution des paysages agraires d’Anjouan. Elle décryptera par la suite les effets positifs et négatifs de la colonisation dans la transformation de ces paysages : jeux d’affectation, de dépossession et de rétrocession des terres et leurs conséquences, poids de l’économie agraire coloniale dans l’économie actuelle, impact des paysages agraires coloniaux dans leur environnemen

Drug combination using an injectable nanomedicine hydrogel for glioblastoma treatment

Lauroyl-gemcitabine lipid nanocapsules (GemC12-LNC) hydrogel, administered intratumorally or perisurgically in the tumor resection cavity, increases animal survival in several orthotopic GBM models. We hypothesized that GemC12-LNC can be used as nanodelivery platform for other drugs, to obtain a combined local therapeutic approach for GBM. Paclitaxel (PTX) was selected as a model molecule and PTX-GemC12-LNC formulation was evaluated in terms of physicochemical and mechanical properties. The PTX-GemC12-LNC hydrogel stability and drug release were evaluated over time showing no significant differences compared to GemC12-LNC. The drug combination was evaluated on several GBM cell lines showing increased cytotoxic activity compared to the original formulation and synergy between PTX and GemC12. Our results suggest that GemC12-LNC hydrogel can be used as nanodelivery platform for dual drug delivery to encapsulate active agents with different mechanisms of action to achieve a better antitumor efficacy against GBM or other solid tumors

Involvement of Medicago truncatula glutamate receptor-like channels in nitric oxide production under short-term water deficit stress

Early stages of plant development are highly susceptible to environmental cues, and seedlings have to develop sophisticated mechanisms to sense and respond to abiotic stresses. We have previously identified that abscisic acid (ABA), nitric oxide (NO) and modulation of nitrogen metabolism are involved in adaptive responses in Medicago truncatula seedlings under water deficit stress. Here, we investigated whether glutamate receptor-like channels (GLRs) played a role in the developmental physiological processes of Medicago seedlings during post-germination after a short-term water deficit stress. Twenty-nine independent MtGLR genes have been identified and then divided into four clades following a phylogenetic analysis; seventeen of them exhibited specific domains which are characteristic of animal ionotropic glutamate receptors. Under drought stress, ABA-induced NO accumulation was significantly reduced in presence of a GLR competitive antagonist, suggesting that this water deficit-induced endogenous NO production was mediated through a MtGLR-dependent pathway. Water deficit-induced inhibition of embryo axis elongation was strongly reduced whereas loss of water content was alleviated when MtGLRs were inhibited. These results suggest that glutamate receptors-like channels are required, through their involvement in NO production, in adaptive responses under short-term water-deficit stress during Medicago seedling establishment

Du bien nommer. Étapes de parcours et méthode de recherche

Le problème de la place et du rôle de l’homme dans le monde, et en particulier de l’homme d’aujourd’hui dans le monde de l’anthropocène, et de son écosystème en particulier était le point de départ de cette étude. Dans ce questionnement et les réponses à proposer, notre parcours s’est appliqué à souligner l’importance d’une méthode d’approche de l’objet de pensée, l’importance d’une délimitation propre de cet « objet » particulier dans le réel, dans la réalité du monde ainsi que l’importance des outils de langue au service des opérations de saisie par les sens (la vue, l’ouïe). Une saisie de nature sensible sera relayée par une saisie conceptuelle et linguistique. Nous avons souligné le jeu que permet la langue et ses structures (impersonnelle-imparticulière vs personnelle) et ses personnes (personne d’univers-personne humaine) pour aller et venir de l’imparticulier au particulier dans le monde de la perception comme dans le monde de la pensée

Open circuit voltage of organic photovoltaic cells using C60 as acceptor: variation with the donor

The open circuit voltage (Voc) of organic photovoltaic cells (OPVs) is an important parameter in terms of OPV performance. In the present work, we check that its value depends on the energy difference between the Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital of the electron acceptor (LUMOA) and the Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital of the donor (HOMOD). The electron acceptor is the fullerene, while the electron acceptors are used as parameter. The results show that Voc increases with the value of Δ(LUMOA–HOMOD). However, for some molecules, this increase is not linear, which shows that other parameters are also determinant

O Controle sobre os Espaços (Patrimonialização, Privatização e Monopolização): o Caso das Ondas de Surfe

Neste artigo, as ondas do litoral costeiro são consideradas “materialidades naturais” que adquirem visibilidade principalmente através da sua qualidade para a prática do surfe. As ondas constituem um bom meio para identificar diferentes processos de apropriação. Considerando os territórios e suas configurações espaciais, assim como as vontades dos praticantes e/ou as formas de regulação política, três processos de apropriação de ondas são identificados, cada um levando a diferentes resultados, sejam de ordem política, econômica, sejam “identitária”. Em primeiro lugar, as ondas de surfe podem ser patrimonializadas a fim de identificação territorial (principal caso analisado aqui). Elas também podem ser pura e simplesmente privatizadas, a fim de alcançar lucros estritamente econômicos. Finalmente, elas podem ser mais ou menos monopolizadas, a fim de manter uma comunidade fechada em si mesma. Essas três formas de apropriação, constituídas a partir de casos analisados em diferentes pesquisas de campo, permitem insistir no fato de que os processos de apropriação de um objeto homogêneo como a onda podem trazer resultados completamente diferentes

Perdón condicionado y estética del desorden en "Patria" de Fernando Aramburu

Patria by Fernando Arramburu is a fiction that opposes the narrative of the general ‘cult of victims’ used as an intent to forget the victims of the terrorism and to justify the political violence. To this end the action is focussed on forgiveness and reconciliation once the facts have been assimilated by the memory. It presents forgiveness as something paradoxical. Our objective in this study will be to analyse 2 the new vision of the victims that is proposed, the ambiguities of forgiveness and their social projection as well as the aesthetics used to describe the process

Patients with ANCA-Associated Glomerulonephritis and Connective Tissue Diseases: A Comparative Study from the Maine-Anjou AAV Registry

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The overlap between antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) associated glomerulonephritis (ANCA-GN) and connective tissue diseases (CTD) has been reported mainly as case series in the literature. Frequency of this association, as well as presentation and outcomes are unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients from the Maine-Anjou ANCA-associated vasculitides (AAV) registry with ANCA-GN diagnosed between 01/01/2000 and 01/01/2018, ANCA positivity, and at least six months of follow-up, were included. RESULTS: 106 out of 142 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. CTD was present at ANCA-GN diagnosis in 16 (15.1%) patients. The most common CTD were rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren syndrome and systemic sclerosis. Compared to the control group, females were more represented in the CTD group (75%, = 0.001). Renal presentation was comparable between groups, including the pathological analysis of renal biopsies. Patients of CTD group presented a higher rate of non-renal relapse (25% versus 7.7%, = 0.037), and experienced more frequently a venous thrombotic event (31.2% versus 10%, = 0.021). No difference between groups was observed according to major outcomes. CONCLUSION: Association between CTD and ANCA-GN is not a rare condition and predominantly affects females. While AAV presentation is not significantly different, CTD patients experience more frequently non-renal relapse and venous thrombotic events