Patienters erfarenheter av livsstilsförändringar i samband med diabetes mellitus 2 : En litteraturstudie

Bakgrund: Antalet personer med diabetes i världen har ökat från 200 miljoner till 830 miljoner från 1990 fram till 2022 och från år 2000 har diabetesrelaterad dödlighet stigit. Typ 2-diabetes mellitus orsakas ofta av övervikt och fetma till följd av ohälsosamma levnadsvanor. Typ 2-diabetes kan i många fall förebyggas genom hälsosam kost och regelbunden fysisk aktivitet. Sjuksköterskan har en central roll i att stödja patienter vid livsstilsförändringar. Syfte: Att beskriva patienters erfarenheter av livsstilsförändringar i samband med Typ 2-diabetes. Metod: Studien genomfördes som en litteraturstudie där 11 kvalitativa originalartiklar från databaserna PubMed och CINAHL inkluderades. Artiklarna kvalitetsgranskades, och en integrerad analysmetod användes. Resultat: Fyra kategorier identifierades: ”Negativa komponenter vid livsstilsförändringar,” ”Motivationsfaktorer vid beteendeförändringar,” ”Omställning i livet efter diagnos,” och ”Fungerande strategier som skapar nya rutiner”. Samt nio underkategorier: ”Familjemedlemmar som hinder,” ”Socioekonomiska och kulturella utmaningar,” ”Personliga och praktiska hinder”, ”Insikt om diagnosens allvar och konsekvenser”, ”Betydelsen av stöd från familjemedlemmar och andra betydelsefulla personer”, ”Känslomässig anpassning till diagnos”, ”Känslor av skam och skuld ”, ”Kostförändringar” och “Fysisk aktivitet”. Slutsats: Resultatet visade att personer diagnosticerade med Typ 2-diabetes upplevde det emotionellt tungt, men många var samtidigt motiverade att genomföra livsstilsförändringar. Trots utmaningar med att implementera livsstilsförändringarna, var stöd från familj och omgivningen avgörande för att upprätthålla motivationen. Sjuksköterskan bör utgå från patientens individuella upplevelse och situation för att effektivt stödja individen i att implementera god egenvård och skapa nya rutiner.

Balancing Norms and Interests: The EU´s Trade Dilemma With China - With the focus on fast-fashion brand, SHEIN

This study examines the European Union´s trade negotiation with China, specifically on imported goods from the Chinese fast fashion brand, SHEIN. With the application of the theoretical framework of Normative Power Europe and Realism, the research pursues an insight of EUs ability to balance its normative commitments with economic and geopolitical considerations. The study specifies its investigation with focusing on SHEINs implication of EU normative commitments and EUs benefits of SHEIN imported products.  A qualitative case study is implied in the analysis of EU policies, agreements and documents related to EU-China trade, in company with reports related to SHEIN. The findings provide a result that suggests a significant gap between EU´s stated normative principles and its trade actions, highlighting a prioritization of economic benefits and geopolitical stability over ethical standards. This underscores the EU´s difficulties of aligning its normative ambition with its own practical interests.   The study concludes with a recommendation of stronger regulatory frameworks of their existing policies to tighten the gap between the EU´s ability to influence non-EU countries with its normative commitments in trade practices and its own stability and economic gain. This would lead to a better alignment of economic policies with ethical aspects, such as sustainability and labor rights while ensuring its credibility and stability in the international trading market

Hungary - democracy, hybrid or dictatorship? : A qualitative case study of Hungary's regime and the relationship with the EU

Hungary’s recent accession to the post of chairman in the Council of the European Union has given them a substantial amount of power over the union's politics in 2024. Given that Hungary seems to be moving away from being counted as fully democratic, the country’s regime is of great interest. The essay is built on a qualitative case study of the Hungarian regime, with the goal of determining which regime type it can be classified as. This is done by employing Daniel Silander’s theory on regime types and using them as an ideal type when looking into the case of Hungary. The secondary aim of the essay is to study the potential implications that Hungary’s regime type might have for the EU, using an explanatory method to reach a conclusion. The main conclusion of the study is that Hungary can be classified as a hybrid regime, with authoritarian leanings within the civil society. In discussing the relationship with the EU, the study finds that Hungary’s regime type does not seem to have any effect on its relationship with the union.

“Don’t take a step back - behind is the morgue” : A qualitative interview study on Ukrainian soldiers’ religiosity during wartime

This study explores how the war in Ukraine affects soldiers' religiosity, focusing on changes in religious practices and the challenges war poses to faith. Through qualitative interviews and thematic analysis, four key themes emerged: wartime religiosity, institutional change, Norse mythology, and the theodicy problem. Findings show that war shapes soldiers’ religious engagement in diverse ways. Wartime religiosity often intensifies in moments of danger, serving as a coping mechanism rather than a shift in belief. Institutional change reflects broader socio-political shifts, as soldiers seek religious communities aligning with their values. The adoption of Norse mythology by some highlights the adaptability of religious identity in war, while struggles with theodicy lead to both strengthened faith and religious disillusionment. Contrary to the initial hypothesis—based on deprivation theory—religiosity does not universally increase; some soldiers find solace in faith, while others disengage. This highlights the need for a nuanced understanding of wartime religiosity, shaped by personal, cultural, and situational factors. Future research should examine the role of chaplaincy and religious institutions in addressing soldiers' struggles with theodicy and how faith evolves post-war, deepening our understanding of religion in contemporary conflict

Security concerns or imperial ambition? : Testing offensive and defensive realism on Nazi Germany’s invasion of the Soviet Union

This study investigates the motivations driving Nazi Germany’s invasion of the Soviet Union through the lens of defensive and offensive realism, two foundational theories in international relations. By testing these competing frameworks against the case, the research enhances our understanding of state behavior and conflict dynamics, shedding light on the interaction between security concerns and expansionist ambitions in shaping international relations. Employing a theory-testing case study approach, the study develops and applies analytical models derived from each theory to determine whether the invasion was a preemptive response to perceived existential threats or a calculated strategy aimed at shifting the balance of power in Germany’s favor. Drawing on historical documents, speeches, and state records from 1939–1941, the research employs a qualitative systematic text analysis to analyze the case. The findings suggest that while defensive realism partially explains Germany’s alliance-building and strategic justifications in the face of perceived threats, offensive realism offers a more compelling account of the invasion’s strategic and ideological underpinnings, emphasizing the regime’s pursuit of power and regional dominance. The paper therefore concludes that offensive realism holds superior explanatory power in the case of the German war on Soviet Russia

Women's experience of pain during IUD insertion and the association of pain with anxiety : - A cross-sectional study

Bakgrund: Sexualitet är en betydelsefull del i alla människors liv och tillgången till preventivmedel är en avgörande faktor för kvinnor att leva ut sin sexualitet utan att riskera en oönskad graviditet. Spiral är ett mycket effektivt preventivmedel, som kan vara ett förstahandsalternativ med dess långsiktiga skydd. Rädsla för smärta vid spiralinsättning kan vara en bidragande faktor vid kvinnors val av preventivmetod. Syftet var att undersöka kvinnors erfarenhet av smärta vid spiralinsättning och smärtans samband med oro. Metod: En kvantitativ tvärsnittsstudie genomfördes med en webbaserad enkät. Resultatet analyserades med deskriptiv och analytisk statistik. Resultat: Totalt 115 kvinnor deltog i studien. Medelåldern var 30 år (mean 30,44; SD 7,72; range 16-51 år). Det finns en relation mellan upplevd smärta och olika typer av erfarenheter. Kvinnor med högre utbildningsnivå samt kvinnor som fött barn skattade alla lägre upplevd smärta vid spiralinsättning. Det finns ett signifikant samband mellan smärtupplevelse och trygghet (p <0,001). Majoriteten av kvinnorna som kände sig trygga vid insättandet av spiralen skattade lägre smärta. Ett samband mellan upplevt bemötande och smärtupplevelse finns (p 0,037). De kvinnor som uppfattade sig sämre bemötta vid spiralinsättningen skattade högre upplevd smärta. Ett signifikant samband mellan bemötande och trygghet under spiralinsättning ses (p <0,001). Slutsats: Sambandet mellan bemötande och trygghet är en framstående faktor för att minska oro och smärta i samband med spiralinsättning.Background: Sexuality is an important part in every person’s life and access to contraceptives is a decisive factor for women to live out their sexuality without risking unwanted pregnancies. IUD is a very effective contraceptive, which can be a first-line option with its long-term protection. Fear of pain during IUD insertion can be a contributing factor in women’s choice of contraceptive method. The aim was to investigate women’s experience of pain during IUD insertion and the pain's connection with anxiety. Method: A quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted using a web-based survey. The results were analyzed with descriptive and analytical statistics. Results: A total of 115 women participated in the study. The average age was 30 years (mean 30.44; SD 7.72; range 16-51 years). There’s a relationship between perceived pain and different types of experiences. Women with higher education and women who had given birth rated lower perceived pain during IUD insertion. There’s a significant relationship between pain-experience and security (p <0.001). Women who felt safe when inserting the IUD estimated lower pain. There’s a relationship between perceived treatment and pain-experience (p 0.037). The women who perceived themselves to be treated worse estimated higher perceived pain. A significant relationship between treatment and security during IUD insertion is seen (p <0.001). Conclusion: The main finding is the connection between security, treatment and reduced pain. The relationship between treatment and security is seen as a prominent factor in reducing anxiety and pain during the IUD insertion

The ringfort as a place of residence : told through depositions

The Ölandic ringforts are a mystery that is yet to be understood. The goal of this thesis has therefore been to get a better understanding of these buildings and to test the hypothesis that depositions can help to understand to what extent ringforts can be interpreted as settlements. Through a comparative literature study, research of depositions in Eketorps ringfort, Ismantorps ringfort, Sandby borgs ringfort, and Bo and Gamla Skogsby on Öland has been made. The material distribution of the finds has shown to be complex, but a difference can be seen in connection to the abandonment of the buildings and that placements have been made in the centre of the ringforts. The ringforts have therefore been interpreted as public places of residence in different degrees with buildings that symbolises the local community, whereas the settlement only represents a person or a family. The study has also shown the importance of studying buildings in their entirety, a variety of problems with depositions and that more research is needed to further expand our knowledge in this subject.

Lonesome women : A visual discourse analysis of North Korean propaganda posters between 1951-1991

North Korea is one of the world’s most secluded countries. The country has been the interest for several studies throughout the years. Few, however, have studied the many propaganda posters produced inside its borders since the dawn of the Korean war. Even fewer have studied them from a gender perspective, and never before have the shift in hegemonic gender patterns within the propaganda posters been studied. In this essay I analyze North Korean propaganda posters in order to decide how hegemonic gender patterns have shifted from the Korean War through 1991. Furthermore, I analyze how male and female access to different social arenas changed throughout the period.  I found that female access to different social arenas throughout the period slightly increased, but regardless remained limited. Male access to different social arenas was initially limited but increased greatly in propaganda posters after the Korean War. Furthermore, I found that women were exclusively depicted alone or in company with a group of men, which indicates a male monopoly on power of action. Thus, an important part of hegemonic masculinity is the monopoly on power of action, making the lack of it a significant quality in hegemonic femininity

"Now Sweden is Called Europe's Most Dangerous Country" : A Discourse Analysis of How the Concept of Security Was Used in Politics During the Election Year 2022.

This study examines how the concept of security is used in Swedish political discourse during the 2022 election year. Using Carol Bacchi's WPR method, a discourse analysis was conducted on three political debates from the Swedish Parliament. The results reveal that security is constructed differently depending on political affiliation: right-wing parties emphasize the strength of the rule of law, while left-wing parties highlight the role of welfare. Some alternative discourses were also addressed, specially from Centerpartiet and Miljöpartiet which emphasised the importance of climate politics. The study demonstrates how political discourse influences citizens' perceptions of security and advocates for a more nuanced debate. Drawing on Foucault's discourse theory, which explores how discourse shapes knowledge and truth, social constructivism, which underscores the socially constructed nature of concepts like "security," and Bacchi's WPR method, this work contributes to understanding how security is constructed in political contexts and its broader impact on society's perception of security.

A special military operation : A discourse analysis of how Swedish and Finnish Swedish-language newspapers framed the invasion of Åland

This essay will explore how Swedish and Finnish Swedish-language media reported on the Åland invasion during World War I. It will also examine whether coverage of the invasion and its surrounding factors changed over time. Articles from Dagens Nyheter, Svenska Dagbladet, Hufvudstadsbladet and Vasabladet will be analysed using discourse analysis and framing theory. The essay will investigate how the conflict and the various actors involved were portrayed, how the invasion was described, and whether the news articles included any moral judgments or statements.  This essay found that Swedish and Finnish Swedish-language newspapers reported on very similar aspects of the invasion of Åland, although their opinions were generally divided by national lines. Swedish newspapers focused on the political aspects by choosing to discuss the strategic significance of the Åland islands and the threat they could pose to Sweden after they had been remilitarised following the outbreak of the Great War. The newspapers were also sympathetic to the Ålanders wishes to become part of Sweden citing cultural, ethnic and linguistic ties. The Finnish Swedish-language newspapers instead mainly reported on the defensive aspects of Åland and framed its remilitarisation as a move to prevent an invasion by Germany. They were also opposed to the prospects of Åland seceding from Finland, stating that its inhabitants had more in common with the Swedish speaking population in Finland than they had to Sweden.