حوادث المرور ودور السرعة في زيادتها – دراسة ميدانية على المملكة العربية السعودية-

هدف هذا البحث إلى دراسة أسباب السرعة المرورية الزائدة ودورها في الحوادث المرورية في المملكة العربية السعودية، بغية معرفة أسبابها، والعوامل المرتبطة بها، بهدف الخروج ببعض المقترحات والتوصيات العلمية والعملية التي يمكن أن تعمل على الحد من هذه الظاهرة والتخفيف من آثارها الضارة على الفرد والأسرة والمجتمع. ولتوفير خلفية نظرية يمكن من خلالها فهم كافة الجوانب المتعلقة بالظاهرة محور الدراسة، تمت مناقشة المفاهيم واستعراض أبرز النظريات المفسرة للظاهرة كما تم الوقوف على أبرز ما أسفرت عنه العديد من الدراسات السابقة من نتائج، سواءً على المستوى المحلي أو العالمي. الأمر الذي أسهم بشكل بارز في تحديد المتغيرات التفسيرية للدراسة وصياغة العديد من التساؤلات التي تشكل الإجابة عليها الهدف الرئيس للبحث الميداني التطبيقي. وبتحليل البيانات، كشفت الدراسة عن العديد من النتائج، التي من أهمها وأبرزها أن معظم الممارسين من الشباب، وغالبيتهم من أبناء المدن، وتعلموا قيادة السيارات عن طريق والديهم وأصدقائهم، وغالبيتهم تعلموا قيادة السيارات في الفئة العمرية من(10-20) سنة ، والغالبية منهم لا يحملون رخص قيادة، كما تبين أن غالبيتهم لديهم مخالفات سابقة بسبب السرعة المرورية، ولم يقوموا بتسديدها، وأسقطت عنهم عن طريق الأقرباء والأصدقاء. كما تبين أن من أبرز أسباب السرعة المرورية: الرغبة في الوصول إلى الهدف في وقت مبكر، وعندما يكون الطريق واسعاً، والتفكير والسرحان كثيراً أثناء القيادة، والانفعالات في المنزل والعمل، وعند التأكد من عدم وجود دوريات، ولتجاوز الآخرين، وعندما لا يكون هناك ازدحام في الطريق، والتسابق مع الآخرين. وكان من أبرز وأهم الأسباب التي لم تثبت علاقتها بالسرعة المرورية الزائدة: عدم وجود رفقاء في السيارة، والاستهانة بحياتي وحياة الآخرين، وللوصول لأقصى سرعة بالسيارة، ولبعد المسافة التي أريد أن أقطعها، والتعود على القيادة بسرعة، وعدم الوعي بالحوادث المرورية، وغيرها من الأسباب الأخرى. أما فيما يخص المقترحات المتعلقة بالسرعة المرورية فقد جاء التأكيد من قبل المبحوثين على عدة مقترحات أساسية من أبرزها: تغيير مواصفات السرعة بالسيارة، وتكثيف الحملات الإعلامية، والحزم في التعامل مع المسرعين، وضع دوريات سرية، وسحب الرخصة عند تكرار المخالفة، واستبدال الغرامات المالية بالإيقاف، إضافة إلى عدد من المقترحات الأخرى التي جاءت ضمن نتائج البحث. وفي ضوء ما انتهى إليه البحث من نتائج، ذكرت بعض التوصيات الهادفة التي يمكن أن تسهم في الحد من السرعة المرورية والتقليل من درجة انتشارها في المملكة العربية السعودية بصفة خاصة ودول مجلس التعاون الخليجي بصفة عامة وتمثلت تلك التوصيات في توصيات تخص الجوانب السلوكية والإدارية، والجوانب التشريعية والقانونية إضافة إلى جوانب ثقافية توعوية

اللساني واللاوعي

يتمثل جوهر الكتاب في مراجعة العلاقة التي تنشأ بين الكلام واللاوعي، وهي علاقة أساسية جداً في منظور المحلل النفسي الفرنسي جاك لاكان- وفي صحيح القول بديهية كل البداهة- حتى إنه من المفترض أن تصبح معروفة على أوسع نطاق ممكن. وعندما يعلم المرء أن الأعمدة الأساسية التي قام عليها هذا الصرح اللغوي الفكري الضخم هي أعمال: فرويد، وسوسير، ولاكان، وداموريت وبيشون، وبنفينيست، وستاروبنسكي، وهلمسليف، وأنغلر، وجاكبسون، وهاجيج، وسيرج لوكلير، وجورج مونان وغيرهم من علماء نفس ومحللين نفسيين ولغويين، ويرى مقدار ما تُرجم من أعمال هؤلاء الكتَّاب إلى العربية فإنه يدرك مدى أهمية الكتا

Effects of heat and mass transfer on the peristaltic flow of hyperbolic tangent fluid in an annulus

This article deals with the influence of heat and mass transfer on peristaltic flow of a hyperbolic tangent fluid in an annulus. The two dimensional equations of tangent hyperbolic fluid are simplified by making the assumptions of long wave length and low Reynolds number. Exact solutions are evaluated for both heat and concentration field, while analytical and numerical solutions are carried out for velocity profile. Comparison of both the solution is presented through graph and table. The expressions for pressure rise, temperature, concentration field and pressure gradient are sketched for various embedded parameters and interprete

Lack of association of G779A ZHX-2 gene variant with HbF levels in b-thalassemia major

The inherited disorders of hemoglobin synthesis are the most common monogenic disorders worldwide. They include thalassemias, hemoglobin variants, and hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin. b-thalassemia is the most common monogenic disorder in India. Clinical manifestations of b-thalassemia are extremely variable in severity. The reasons for this heterogeneity are not very well understood. Previous studies have shown that the genetic variants that modulate HbF levels have a very strong impact on ameliorating the clinical phenotype. In the present study, 5570 blood samples from suspected cases were analyzed using HPLC, amplification refractory mutation system-PCR and reverse dot blot techniques. Of 5570 individuals, we found 676 cases of b thalassemia disease. Molecular analysis revealed the presence of different b-thalassemia mutations in the population under study. Patients with b-thalassemia were classified into mild, moderate, and severe according to severity score based on Hb level, age of onset, age at which patients received their first blood transfusion, degree of growth retardation and splenectomy. Patients with b-thalassemia were analyzed for zinc finger and homeoboxes 2 (ZHX2) G779A polymorphism, and the association between ZHX2 gene polymorphism and severity of b-thalassemia was evaluated. We did not find a significant difference in genotypic and allelic frequency of ZHX2 gene between mild and moderate, mild and severe, and moderate and severe cases. There was no significant difference in high and low percentage of HbF in GG, GA, and AA bearing individuals showing that ZHX2 gene variant has no role in ameliorating the severity of b-thalassemia major in the South Indian population from Andhra Pradesh

Effect of dietary calcium intake on vitamin D levels and obesity in Saudi children

The drastic changes in lifestyle and nutrition brought about by rapid economic changes in Saudi Arabia have seriously threatened the health with emergence of a number of chronic non-communicable diseases. Obesity, which is a major contributing factor in the emergence of these diseases – cancers, type 2 diabetes and hypertension - has increased rapidly worldwide and especially in Saudi Arabia. While several risk factors have been identified, one micronutrient deficiency stands not only because of its equally alarming global prevalence, but also because of its multiple physiologic roles that influence normal metabolic functioning. Vitamin D deficiency has been linked to several chronic diseases in adults, and almost all cardiometabolic risk factors are associated with vitamin D deficiency in both adults and children. Studies focusing on children and adolescents however, are limited. This randomized cross sectional study aimed to determine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its association with childhood obesity among a population of healthy Saudi boys and girls in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. Furthermore, this study was aimed to determine whether levels of dietary calcium can explain the high prevalence of low-vitamin D levels in Saudis, and whether these dietary micronutrients influence risk of obesity. To achieve this, 331 Saudi boys and girls (53.8% females and 46.2 % males) aged 6-18 years were randomly recruited from primary care health centers in different areas of Riyadh city. Demographic, medical and dietary information was collected from each subject using a questionnaire. Anthropometrics were measured. Blood levels of fasting glucose, lipid profile, 25(OH) D and corrected calcium were measured routinely, 25(OH) D was quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The present study demonstrated that around 100% of the subjects were either mildly or moderately or severely vitamin D deficient, with girls having significantly lower vitamin D levels than boys in both preadolescents and adolescents. Moreover, adolescent were more deficient than preadolescent. Serum vitamin D levels showed an inverse significant association with BMI, fat mass percentage, body fat mass, TG, waist circumference and hip circumference. Calcium intake did not find significant associations with either obesity or vitamin D deficiency. Although the average calcium intake of the sample is low and mean vitamin D level for the sample is deficient. The serum corrected calcium was positively correlated with vitamin D serum and negatively correlated with BMI, fat mass and waist to hip ratio. The corrected serum calcium was significantly lower in girls compared to boys in the adolescent group, similar to vitamin D level. Also, approximately 30 % of the subjects with <250 mg of calcium daily were obese, while only 14 % of the subjects with >800 mg of calcium intake were obese. Interestingly, serum vitamin D was highest in the heavy consumer group for both tea and coffee. Also, BMI mean value was significantly decreased in increased drinkers (9-12 times/week) when compared to low and moderate drinkers. The lowest levels of vitamin D and the highest value of BMI fell in the group with no physical activity. This study highlights the need for vitamin D correction even in this age group where chronic diseases are not expected. This can be achieved by encouraging not only an active and outdoor lifestyle, but by proper nutrition in which micronutrients such as vitamin D and calcium are taken into account

Energy storage through adsorption and desorption

Adsorption/desorption of water vapour on raw Saudi bentonite (RB) is proposed as a heat energy storage. This is most readily achieved by adsorption and desorption of water vapour on RB at different temperatures as a function of time. The RB subjected to preheating temperature of 200 _C, before subjecting to the adsorption process carried out. The IR spectra of RB before adsorption of water vapour at 298 and 313 K wereas studied. The adsorbed and desorbed water vapour from bentonite surfaces at 298 and 313 K was determined at different time. The adsorptive capacities of RB sample at 298 and 313 K were 0.0097 and 0.0141 mol/g of dry RB, respectively, after 72 h. The desorbed amounts are 0.0085 and 0.01 mol H2O/g of RB at 298 and 313 K, respectively after 72 h. A kinetic models of second order of the adsorption and desorption of water vapour fitted well the experimental data. Application of Van’t Hoff’s law at two temperatures (298 and 313 K) yields the adsorption and desorption enthalpy. The adsorption enthalpy (stored energy) of RB increased with increasing contact time up to 5 h. At this time the maximum enthalpy was about 30 kJ/g dry bentonite, at which the clay has lost all the energy that could be released due to adsorption of water vapours. Then it shows a decrease in sorption energy when the time increases. On the other hand, the desorption enthalpy increases gradually with the increase of the time up to 72 h then become constant, maximum enthalpy was 14.99 kJ/g. The rate of water vapour adsorption was found to be very high so that the extracted energy from the bentonite surface would not be a problem in any practical utilization of this system.King saud universit

Spectrophotometric Determination of Candesartan Cilixetil in Presence of Its Alkaline Induced Degradation Product.

The present work describes a simple stability-indicating second derivative spectrophotometric assay method for the determination of an antihypertensive drug, candesartan cilexetil in presence of its alkaline degradation product, candesartan. The method was satisfactory validated with respect to linearity, precision, accuracy, selectivity and sensitivity. The response was linear in the concentration range of 4-32 µg mL-1 (r = 0.99995) at wavelength 291.2 nm, which was the zero crossing point of candesartan in methanol. The detection quantitation limits were 0.33 and 1.0 µg mL-1, respectively. The suggested method was successfully applied for the analysis of candesartan cilexetil in bulk and commercial tablets. The results were favourably compared statistically to that obtained by a reference method.King Saud Universit

The Architecture of Traditional Field Houses in Unaiza, Central Saudi Arabia, an Archaeological

The study focuses on methodology of documenting material culture of traditional houses at Unaizah province in al-Qaseem region which has sometimes been marginalized by cultural changes that swept Saudi Arabia after the unification period and the flow of oil and the resulting contrast between the modern and traditional architectural styles. The cultural difference between the past

“Indigenous Epistemology and the Decolonisation of Postcolonialism”

This paper traces the involvement of postcolonialism in the marginalisation of indigenous epistemologies. It begins by illustrating how postcolonialism maintains a dichotomised conceptual framework that clearly separates indigenous epistemology from postcolonial epistemology. This is followed by an examination of indigenous interventions that have noted the epistemological imperialism of Western ways of knowing and the need to de-link from these. Then the paper examines decolonisation in relation to indigenous epistemologies, which leads to a discussion of Mignolo’s modernity/coloniality power complex. This exploration reveals that the dichotomising framework that postcolonialism applies to indigenous epistemologies is symptomatic of a profound shortcoming. This concerns postcolonialism’s lack of a critical stance towards its own epistemological foundations, namely, its entanglement with Mignolo’s coloniality/modernity power complex. The paper concludes with a brief consideration of the viability of a decolonised postcolonialism

Effects of mass transfer on the stagnation point flow of an upper-convected Maxwell (UCM) fluid

This article deals with the effects of mass transfer on the two-dimensional stagnation point flow of an upper-convected Maxwell (UCM) fluid over a stretching surface. The similarity transformations convert the governing nonlinear partial differential equation into nonlinear ordinary differential equation. Computations for the outcoming systems are presented by a homotopy analysis method (HAM). Graphical results for the velocity and concentration fields are sketched and discussed