中国旅游业CO_2排放因素分解:基于LMDI分解技术

本文基于自下而上法估算了1993~2012年中国旅游业能源消费和CO_2排放量,并对其总体变化趋势进行时间序列分析;以LMDI分解技术辨识与分解4个时段(1993~1997年、1998~2002年、2003~2007年和2008~2012年)中影响中国旅游业CO_2排放量变动的关键因素及其对CO_2排放量的贡献值。结果显示:20年来中国旅游业能源消费与CO_2排放量增长态势明显;其中旅游交通是中国旅游业能源消费和CO_2排放的核心部门,年平均比重分别为88.51%和77.42%,旅游住宿次之,旅游活动的贡献最小。LMDI分析结果显示,产业规模和空间结构是引起中国旅游业能源消费CO_2排放量增加的主要因素,能源强度是引起CO_2排放量减少的主要贡献因素;旅游业CO_2排放量增幅较大的省区多数位于东部地区,这是当前中国旅游业实行节能减排的重点区域。本文据此指出中国旅游业节能减排的主要方向、核心环节、重点区域和相应措施等

Niche modeling predictions of the potential distribution of Marmota himalayana, the host animal of plague in Yushu County of Qinghai

Background: After the earthquake on 14, April 2010 at Yushu in China, a plague epidemic hosted by Himalayan marmot (Marmota himalayana) became a major public health concern during the reconstruction period. A rapid assessment of the distribution of Himalayan marmot in the area was urgent. The aims of this study were to analyze the relationship between environmental factors and the distribution of burrow systems of the marmot and to predict the distribution of marmots. Methods: Two types of marmot burrows (hibernation and temporary) in Yushu County were investigated from June to September in 2011. The location of every burrow was recorded with a global positioning system receiver. An ecological niche model was used to determine the relationship between the burrow occurrence data and environmental variables, such as land surface temperature (LST) in winter and summer, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) in winter and summer, elevation, and soil type. The predictive accuracies of the models were assessed by the area under the curve of the receiving operator curve. Results: The models for hibernation and temporary burrows both performed well. The contribution orders of the variables were LST in winter and soil type, NDVI in winter and elevation for the hibernation burrow model, and LST in summer, NDVI in summer, soil type and elevation in the temporary burrow model. There were non-linear relationships between the probability of burrow presence and LST, NDVI and elevation. LST of 14 and 23 degrees C, NDVI of 0.22 and 0.60, and 4100 m were inflection points. A substantially higher probability of burrow presence was observed in swamp soil and dark felty soil than in other soil types. The potential area for hibernation burrows was 5696 km(2) (37.7 % of Yushu County), and the area for temporary burrows was 7711 km(2) (51.0 % of Yushu County). Conclusions: The results suggested that marmots preferred warm areas with relatively low altitudes and good vegetation conditions in Yushu County. Based on these results, the present research is useful in understanding the niche selection and distribution pattern of marmots in this region

黔南州水资源承载力研究

水资源是区域经济社会发展重要的基础支撑物质系统。水资源的利用及其承载力研究是区域水资源规划和开发利用管理的重要依据。以黔南州为实例,分析了当地水资源变化趋势和用水结构变化,应用承载人口数定量研究黔南州地区不同福利生活水平下的水资源所能承载的人口数量与经济发展规模,并对几种方法进行了对比研究,结果发现水资源承载力不能就水资源单因子研究地区人口承载力,应根据地区资源因子找出承载力的控制因子。黔南州喀斯特人口承载力的决定性限制原位性资源是土地资源人口承载的极限,地区水资源丰沛,但水资源开发利用率低,已成为影响和制约喀斯特地区可持续发展主要制约因素,水资源可承载的人口数量有足够的空间,建议在考虑技术上的可行性、经济上的合理性以及生态环境的可承受性,通过工程措施提高黔南州水资源开发利用率,推动黔南州2020年全面建成小康社会

农牧交错带耕地数量变化对粮食产量影响的时空关联性——以内蒙古乌兰察布市为例

[目的]分析耕地变化和粮食生产的时空动态特征及其相互关联性,为研究区耕地集约利用水平的提高与粮食产量的增加提供科学依据。[方法]利用遥感解译获取的土地利用变化数据和粮食产量等统计数据,采用地理学和经济学理论、技术与方法,分析区域耕地与粮食产量的时空动态格局,构建粮耕弹性系数反映农牧交错区耕地资源变化与粮食生产的互动关系,揭示耕地数量变化对粮食产量的影响机理。[结果](1)1990—2000年耕地扩张明显,研究区中部、北部增加而东部减少。粮食产量逐渐上升,四子王旗粮食产量对耕地面积具有高敏感度,其它地区粮食产量对耕地数量变化的敏感度较低。(2)2000—2013年,耕地总量明显减少,耕地利用变化主要发生在研究区中部和南部,粮食产量出现先减少后增加的趋势,乌兰察布市东部和西部地区粮食综合生产能力明显提高,粮食产量对耕地数量变化的敏感度变低。[结论]1990—2013年乌兰察布市耕地数量变化对乌兰察布市粮食产量的影响显著。全市粮食产量对耕地数量变化的敏感度有着明显的区域差异,且2000—2013年的敏感度相对1990—2000年而言较低

基于位置标识社会网络构建与在线信息服务技术

室内环境模型构建与存储检索技术、移动用户室内外轨迹管理与查询技术、社会网络系统用户行为分析与信息聚合技术、社会网络复杂关系表达与结构分析技术、位置感知的社会网络信息智能推送服务技术、面向移动位置服务的增强现实人机交互技术、智能位置服务社会网络(LBSN)系统。该课题研发的总体思路是通过系列关键技术攻关,构建面向位置的基于社交网络的公共信息服务平台。计划采取技术总体体系结构设计→单项关键技术攻关→多项关键技术集成→形成单项软件原型→形成软件原型集成的技术思路

一种基于概率神经网络的城市用地高分辨率影像信息提取方法

以国产高分辨率遥感影像为主要数据源,在建立城市用地类型体系的基础上,构建了一套结合面向对象的多尺度分割方法和概率神经网络模型优势的城市用地信息提取方法。对唐山市路南区实例验证表明,本研究提出的城市用地信息提取方法和分类结果能够有效地提取包括城市裸地、建筑用地、水体、绿地、道路等城市用地类型,总体分类精度达86%,kappa系数达0.78

Global inorganic nitrogen dry deposition inferred from ground- and space-based measurements

Atmospheric nitrogen (N) dry deposition is an important component in total N deposition. However, uncertainty exists in the assessment of global dry deposition. Here, we develop empirical models for estimating ground N concentrations using NO2 satellite measurements from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and ground measurements from 555 monitoring sites. Global patterns and trends in the fluxes of NO2, HNO3, NH4+, and NO3- were assessed for 2005-2014. Moreover, we estimated global NH3 dry deposition directly using data from 267 monitoring sites. Our results showed that East Asia, the United States, and Europe were important regions of N deposition, and the total annual amount of global inorganic N deposition was 34.26 Tg N. The dry deposition fluxes were low in Africa and South America, but because of their large area, the total amounts in these regions were comparable to those in Europe and North America. In the past decade, the western United States and Eurasia, particularly eastern China, experienced the largest increases in dry deposition, whereas the eastern United States, Western Europe, and Japan experienced clear decreases through control of NOx and NH3 emissions. These findings provide a scientific background for policy-makers and future research into global changes

城市绿地系统规划成果技术审查常见问题与解决对策

为确保城市绿地系统规划成果技术审查的质量,根据多年来对湖南省各城市绿地系统规划成果技术审查的工作经验,结合《城市绿地系统规划编制纲要(试行)》等规范性文件要求,总结出绿规技术审查机制不健全、成果内容不完整、前期研究不到位、绿地计算规则不熟悉和绿地空间研究不透彻五类常见问题。经分析,着重从完善绿规技术审查机制、重视符合性审查和注重专家会议审查三方面提出解决对策,以确保城市绿地系统规划成果的科学性、规范性和可实施性

An Iterative Interpolation Deconvolution Algorithm for Superresolution Land Cover Mapping

Superresolution mapping (SRM) is a method to produce a fine-spatial-resolution land cover map from coarse-spatial-resolution remotely sensed imagery. A popular approach for SRM is a two-step algorithm, which first increases the spatial resolution of coarse fraction images by interpolation and then determines class labels of fine-resolution pixels using the maximum a posteriori (MAP) principle. By constructing a new image formation process that establishes the relationship between the observed coarse-resolution fraction images and the latent fine-resolution land cover map, it is found that the MAP principle only matches with area-to-point interpolation algorithms and should be replaced by deconvolution if an area-to-area interpolation algorithm is to be applied. A novel iterative interpolation deconvolution (IID) SRM algorithm is proposed. The IID algorithm first interpolates coarse-resolution fraction images with an area-to-area interpolation algorithm and produces an initial fine-resolution land cover map by deconvolution. The fine-spatial-resolution land cover map is then updated by reconvolution, back-projection, and deconvolution iteratively until the final result is produced. The IID algorithm was evaluated with simulated shapes, simulated multispectral images, and degraded Landsat images, including comparison against three widely used SRM algorithms: pixel swapping, bilinear interpolation, and Hopfield neural network. Results show that the IID algorithm can reduce the impact of fraction errors and can preserve the patch continuity and the patch boundary smoothness simultaneously. Moreover, the IID algorithm produced fine-resolution land cover maps with higher accuracies than those produced by other SRM algorithms

Drought dominates the interannual variability in global terrestrial net primary production by controlling semi-arid ecosystems

Drought is a main driver of interannual variation in global terrestrial net primary production. However, how and to what extent drought impacts global NPP variability is unclear. Based on the multi-timescale drought index SPEI and a satellite-based annual global terrestrial NPP dataset, we observed a robust relationship between drought and NPP in both hemispheres. In the Northern Hemisphere, the annual NPP trend is driven by 19-month drought variation, whereas that in the Southern Hemisphere is driven by 16-month drought variation. Drought-dominated NPP, which mainly occurs in semi-arid ecosystems, explains 29% of the interannual variation in global NPP, despite its 16% contribution to total global NPP. More surprisingly, drought prone ecosystems in the Southern Hemisphere, which only account for 7% of the total global NPP, contribute to 33% of the interannual variation in global NPP. Our observations support the leading role of semi-arid ecosystems in interannual variability in global NPP and highlight the great impacts of long-term drought on the global carbon cycle