Caracterização morfológica do fruto, da semente e desenvolvimento pós-seminal do abacateiro

Avocado propagation is commercialy realized by grafting of the desirable variety in seminal rootstocks. However, the literature is discordant about the occurrence of poliembriony and type of fruit of this specie. In function of this, as research had the objective to characterize the type of fruit, seed morphological aspects and the seedling nurse, besides to evaluate the number of embryos existent. The avocado fruit is a berry. The seeds are monoembryonics and exalbuminous. The germination is hipogeal and the emergene of the seedling occurred 33 days after sowing. The primary root is long and white and the secondary roots are short and filiforns.  The cotyledons are massive and pinkish. It was possible to observe the presence of multi-stem in avocado seed, originated from the collar. The seeds present multi-stems; the beginning of seedling emergence stabilization occurred in the eighth week, being unviable for propagation of this species to keep these seeds in the nursery for more time.A propagação do abacateiro é comercialmente, realizada por enxertia da variedade desejada sobre porta-enxertos seminais. No entanto, a literatura é discordante sobre a ocorrência de poliembrionia e tipo de fruto, nesta espécie. Em função do exposto, o trabalho objetivou caracterizar o tipo de fruto, aspectos morfológicos da semente e da plântula, além de avaliar o número de embriões existente. O abacateiro possui frutos do tipo baga, as sementes são monoembriônicas e exalbuminosas, a germinação é hipógea e a emergência das plântulas ocorreu 33 dias após a semeadura. A raiz primária é longa e de coloração branca e as raízes secundárias são curtas e filiformes. Os cotilédones são maciços e de coloração rosada. Foi possível observar a presença de múltiplos caulículos na semente de abacate, originados do colo. As sementes apresentam policaulia; o início da estabilização da emergência de plântulas ocorreu na oitava semana, sendo inviável para a propagação da espécie, manter essas sementes no viveiro por mais tempo.Morphological characterization of fruits, seeds and post-seminal development of avocadoAbstractAvocado propagation is commercialy realized by grafting of the desirable variety in seminal rootstocks. However, the literature is discordant about the occurrence of poliembriony and type of fruit of this specie. In function of this, as research had the objective to characterize the type of fruit, seed morphological aspects and the seedling nurse, besides to evaluate the number of embryos existent. The avocado fruit is a berry. The seeds are monoembryonics and exalbuminous. The germination is hipogeal and the emergene of the seedling occurred 33 days after sowing. The primary root is long and white and the secondary roots are short and filiforns.  The cotyledons are massive and pinkish. It was possible to observe the presence of multi-stem in avocado seed, originated from the collar. The seeds present multi-stems; the beginning of seedling emergence stabilization occurred in the eighth week, being unviable for propagation of this species to keep these seeds in the nursery for more time

Caracterização morfológica do fruto, semente e morfofunção de plântulas de sapoteira-preta (Diospyros ebenaster Retz.)

Diospyros ebenaster, native to México and Central America, Ebenaceae family, is populary known as black-sapote. The fruits can be consumed freshly or as juice, as source of vitamin C. The objective of this work was to characterize the morphology of fruit, of seed and germinative process of this species. Fruits were characterized for color, texture, consistency and water content in the pericarp, dehiscence, weight, dimensions and constituent parts. For seeds it was considered: weight, color, texture and consistency of the coat, shape, presence and type of tissue and type of booking, color, shape and position of the embryo. The description of the seedlings was carried out from the primary root emission to the expansion of the first leaf and early demise of the cotyledons. The fruit is pulpous, undeiscent, bacoid type, polyspermic, round and flattened in the poles. The epicarp is plain, fine and greenish. The mean length of the fruits is 8.8 cm, the mean diameter 8.6 cm and the mass of 263 g. The seeds presents flat tegument and medium-brown color. The mass of 100 seeds is 100.6 g. The mean length of the seeds is 2.2 cm, with 1.3 cm of width. They have a white-transparent and oleaginous endosperm. The embryo is whitish and the germination is epigeal.Diospyros ebenaster, originária do México e América Central, família Ebenaceae, é conhecida como sapota-preta. Os frutos podem ser consumidos in natura ou em sucos, como fonte de vitamina C. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a morfologia do fruto, da semente e do processo germinativo da espécie. Os frutos foram caracterizados quanto à coloração, textura, consistência e teor de água no pericarpo, deiscência, massa, partes constituintes e dimensões. Para as sementes considerou-se: massa, coloração, textura e consistência do tegumento, forma, presença e tipo de tecido de reserva e tipo, coloração, forma e posição do embrião. A descrição das plântulas foi realizada a partir da emissão da raiz primária até a expansão dos primeiros eófilos e início de fenecimento dos cotilédones. O fruto é carnoso, indeiscente, do tipo baga, polispérmico, globoso e achatado nos pólos. O epicarpo é liso, delgado e esverdeado. O comprimento médio dos frutos é 8,8 cm, o diâmetro médio 8,6 cm e a massa de 263 g. As sementes apresentam tegumento liso e cor castanho-médio. A massa de 100 sementes é 100,6 g. O comprimento médio das sementes é 2,2 cm, com 1,3 cm de largura. Possuem endosperma branco-transparente e oleaginoso. O embrião é esbranquiçado e a germinação é epígea

Antioxidant and radical scavenging properties of Carthamus caeruleus L extracts grow wild in Algeria flora

Four sub-fractions of Carthamus caeruleus L (whichbelongs to the family Asteraceae) root extracts, i.e., methanol (CE), chloroform (CHE), ethyl acetate (EAE) and aqueous (AE) extracts were screened for their total phenolics, flavonoids and possible antioxidant activities, using DPPH free radical-scavenging and β-carotene/linoleic acid assays. The results indicated that total polyphenols were highest in EAE followed by CHE. However, the free radical scavenging activity of CHE was higher than the other extracts with an IC50 value of 53.26 µg/mL. Determination of quercetin, gallic acid and rutin showed antioxidant activity as positive controls in parallel experiments. Moreover, oxidation of linoleic acid was effectively inhibited by AE, EAE and CE which were too close to each other. Also, the CHE was more effective compared to the synthetic antioxidant BHT. It could be concluded that Carthamus caeruleus L growing wild in the Mediterranean regions and especially in Algeria has a potent antioxidant activity and could be evaluated as a starting point for further investigations.Four sub-fractions of Carthamus caeruleus L (which belongs to the family Asteraceae) root extracts,i.e., methanol (CE), chloroform (CHE), ethyl acetate (EAE) and aqueous (AE) extracts were screenedfor their total phenolics, flavonoids and possible antioxidant activities, using DPPH free radicalscavengingand β-carotene/linoleic acid assays. The results indicated that total polyphenols werehighest in EAE followed by CHE. However, the free radical scavenging activity of CHE was higherthan the other extracts with an IC50 value of 53.26 μg/mL. Determination of quercetin, gallic acid andrutin showed antioxidant activity as positive controls in parallel experiments. Moreover, oxidation oflinoleic acid was effectively inhibited by AE, EAE and CE which were too close to each other. Also,the CHE was more effective compared to the synthetic antioxidant BHT. It could be concluded thatCarthamus caeruleus L growing wild in the Mediterranean regions and especially in Algeria has apotent antioxidant activity and could be evaluated as a starting point for further investigations. Propriedades dos radicais antioxidantes extraídos de Carthamus caeruleus L nativosda flora da ArgéliaQuarto sub-frações extraídas da raiz de Carthamus caeruleus L (que pertencem à famíliaAsteraceae), i.e., metanol (CE), clorofórmio (CHE), acetato de etil (EAE) e extratos aquosos foramexaminados minuciosamente quanto aos seus fenólicos, flanóides e suas atividades antioxidantespossíveis, usando DPPH extração de radicais livres e B-caroteno/ácido linoléico. Os resultadosindicaram que os polifenóis totais foram maiores em EAE seguido de CHE. Entretanto, a atividadede extração de radicais livres em CHE foi maior que de outros extratos com um valor de IC50 de of5326 μg/mL. A determinação de quercetina ácido gálico e rutina demonstrou que a atividade deantioxidante funciona como controle positive em experimentos paralelos. Além disso, a oxidaçãode ácido lenoico foi efetivamente inibida por AE, EAE e CE que estavam muito próximos uns aosoutros. Também, o CHE foi mais eficaz se comparado ao antioxidante sintético BHT. Foi possívelconcluir que Carthamus caeruleus L nativos das nas regiões do Mediterrâneo, e, especialmente naArgélia, tem uma potente atividade antioxidante e poderia ser avaliada como o ponto de partidapara investigações futuras

Growth and productivity of okra intercropped with kale in direct planting under organic management

The cultivation of vegetables in intercropping and direct planting are alternatives with greater economic, social and environmental efficiency. In this sense, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different plant arrangement systems on the intercropping of okra and kale, as well as on the efficiency of use of the area. The experiment was conducted at the experimental station belonging to Unioeste, from May 2017 to March 2018 in direct planting, under organic management, using a randomized block design, containing seven treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of the following arrangements of okra and kale plants in a consortium, T1 = three rows of kale with okra between the lines; T2 = three rows of kale with okra between the lines; T3 = three rows of kale with okra dense between the lines; T4 = three rows of kale with okra dense spaced between alternating lines; and monoculture T5 = three rows of kale; T6 = three rows of okra; T7 = three rows of dense okra. Assessments began 50 and 73 days after transplanting for kale and okra, respectively. Biometric and productivity variables were evaluated. The data were subjected to variance analysis and, when significant, regression analysis depending on the evaluation periods or compared using the Tukey test at 5% probability. It is concluded, that the okra crop showed greater productivity when grown in dense monoculture, and all intercropping systems promoted greater efficiency in land use.The cultivation of vegetables in intercropping and direct planting are alternatives with greater economic, social and environmental efficiency. In this sense, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different plant arrangement systems on the intercropping of okra and kale, as well as on the efficiency of use of the area. The experiment was conducted at the experimental station belonging to Unioeste, from May 2017 to March 2018 in direct planting, under organic management, using a randomized block design, containing seven treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of the following arrangements of okra and kale plants in a consortium, T1 = three rows of kale with okra between the lines; T2 = three rows of kale with okra between the lines; T3 = three rows of kale with okra dense between the lines; T4 = three rows of kale with okra dense spaced between alternating lines; and monoculture T5 = three rows of kale; T6 = three rows of okra; T7 = three rows of dense okra. Assessments began 50 and 73 days after transplanting for kale and okra, respectively. Biometric and productivity variables were evaluated. The data were subjected to variance analysis and, when significant, regression analysis depending on the evaluation periods or compared using the Tukey test at 5% probability. It is concluded, that the okra crop showed greater productivity when grown in dense monoculture, and all intercropping systems promoted greater efficiency in land use