Variational Perspective on Fair Edge Prediction

International audienc

Cours et exercices corrigés de statistiques inférentielles - 2e édition

National audienceCet ouvrage présente : - la théorie des statistiques inférentielles permettant la construction des outils d’analyse de données les plus couramment utilisés en statistiques appliquées. - la notion de modèle statistique paramétrique. - les meilleures estimations des paramètres d’un modèle à l’aide des données que l’on possède. - les propriétés d’absence de biais, de convergence et d’efficacité d’un estimateur. - les démonstrations complètes des formules du modèle Gaussien.Illustré d’exemples et de nombreux exercices intégralement corrigés, il permet une approche complète et cohérente du domaine.Cet ouvrage s’adresse aux étudiants en mathématiques de niveau Licence. Il est également adapté à la préparation du Capes et de l’Agrégation de mathématiques, certains passages fournissant les éléments de leçons adaptées pour ces concours

Idéal masculin, idéal quévédien

This article examines the correspondences and oppositions that exist between certain masculine ideals of seventeenth-century Spain and the masculine ideal or ideals transmitted by the Quevedian voice, primarily in poetry. After highlighting the fundamental dimension of the values of physical strength and courage, as well as the crucial role of memory and its celebration, a series of tensions are revealed within these representations. We come to underline the relation of the Quevedian masculine ideal with a model deeply marked by a certain conception of the Catholic religion, and more specifically of the figure of Christ.Cet article se propose d’examiner les correspondances et oppositions qui existent entre certains idéaux masculins du XVIIème siècle espagnol et l’idéal ou les idéaux masculin(s) transmis par la voix quévédienne, dans la poésie essentiellement. Après la mise en évidence de la dimension fondamentale des valeurs de force physique et de courage ainsi que du rôle capital de la mémoire et de sa célébration, une série de tensions est mise à jour au sein de ces représentations. On en vient à souligner l’articulation de l’idéal masculin quévédien autour d’un modèle profondément marqué par une certaine conception de la religion catholique et plus spécifiquement de la figure du Christ

The challenge of controlling an auditory BCI in the case of severe motor disability

International audienceAbstract Background The locked-in syndrome (LIS), due to a lesion in the pons, impedes communication. This situation can also be met after some severe brain injury or in advanced Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). In the most severe condition, the persons cannot communicate at all because of a complete oculomotor paralysis (Complete LIS or CLIS). This even prevents the detection of consciousness. Some studies suggest that auditory brain–computer interface (BCI) could restore a communication through a « yes–no» code. Methods We developed an auditory EEG-based interface which makes use of voluntary modulations of attention, to restore a yes–no communication code in non-responding persons. This binary BCI uses repeated speech sounds (alternating “yes” on the right ear and “no” on the left ear) corresponding to either frequent (short) or rare (long) stimuli. Users are instructed to pay attention to the relevant stimuli only. We tested this BCI with 18 healthy subjects, and 7 people with severe motor disability (3 “classical” persons with locked-in syndrome and 4 persons with ALS). Results We report online BCI performance and offline event-related potential analysis. On average in healthy subjects, online BCI accuracy reached 86% based on 50 questions. Only one out of 18 subjects could not perform above chance level. Ten subjects had an accuracy above 90%. However, most patients could not produce online performance above chance level, except for two people with ALS who obtained 100% accuracy. We report individual event-related potentials and their modulation by attention. In addition to the classical P3b, we observed a signature of sustained attention on responses to frequent sounds, but in healthy subjects and patients with good BCI control only. Conclusions Auditory BCI can be very well controlled by healthy subjects, but it is not a guarantee that it can be readily used by the target population of persons in LIS or CLIS. A conclusion that is supported by a few previous findings in BCI and should now trigger research to assess the reasons of such a gap in order to propose new and efficient solutions. Clinical trial registrations : No. NCT02567201 (2015) and NCT03233282 (2013)

Dépôt de projet ERC Synergy Grant : HERODOTools (en cours d'évaluation)

Dépôt de projet ERC Synergy GrantDépôt de projet ERC Synergy Gran

Coding urban metabolism: infrastructuring metabolic pathways

International audienceThis chapter introduces a metabolic perspective on infrastructures, enabling us to explore their roles in the extraction, circulation, and transformation of materials within contemporary societies. Positioned between what I distinguish as homeostatic and political ecology approaches, I propose a third avenue through the concept of 'metabolic pathways.' This concept facilitates an understanding of the socio-political implications associated with specific materials. To adopt this approach, one must broaden the consideration of infrastructures, encompassing not only socio-technical means but also the practices and networks of actors that collectively contribute to the formation of various forms of infrastructuring for metabolic pathways.Analyzing these strategies through the case of plastic waste in Cairo, employing a Deleuzian perspective, enables us to decipher the legitimization frameworks and power dynamics inherent in different strategies of infrastructuring for metabolic pathways. These strategies play a crucial role in shaping a specific socio-material order

La dialectique sécurité-performance en Formule 1 depuis 1950

Suivi de Thèse Doctorat STAP

Spatio-temporal dynamics of habitat use by fish in a restored alluvial floodplain over two decades

International audienceRiver floodplain channels can serve as reproduction, nursery or refuge areas for fish. Although the complementary use of floodplain and main channels is known, few studies attempted to quantify this use and even fewer analysed its controlling factors. The objectives of this study are (1) to describe the spatio-temporal use of floodplain habitats and to identify their roles as complementary habitats for fish and (2) to analyse how abiotic variations and their modifications under restoration impact habitat use by fish. To meet these objectives, we analysed (Principal Components Analysis and Coinertia Analysis) multi-site data collected over 20 years in eight main channels and 23 floodplain channels of eight restored sectors of the French Rhône River. Results show that habitat use by fish is mainly related to spatial effects, with 37 % of within-sector variance in taxonomic assemblages explained by the stations. As expected, rheophilic species were more abundant in lotic stations and limnophilic species in lentic ones. In addition, we identified an euryecious guild, grouping young of the year taxa (roach, gudgeon, chub, bleak) that used all types of habitats and particularly lentic floodplain channels with short life-span. Temporal effects (with ~10 % of the variance explained by years) combine (1) the effect of restoration, that increased the diversity of fish assemblages across the floodplain, with stronger changes in floodplain channels whose connectivity regime was modified, (2) the effect of high flows on fish habitat use, that reinforces the nursery and refuge functions of floodplain channels. Our results demonstrate the importance of restoring the diversity of habitats and connectivity because floodplain habitats have complementary functions for fish. Furthermore, our results also suggest to account for temporal variations in order to better estimate the potential effects of restoration on river and their floodplains

Droit des générations futures à un environnement équilibré et respectueux de la santé et stockage des déchets radioactifs

International audienceLa prudente audace du Conseil constitutionnel (observations sur deux oxymores

Les horizons de la géographie : une métaphore pour comprendre les situations problématiques ?

International audienceThe twofold aim of this exploratory article is to highlight the interest of the horizon metaphor, whose hermeneutic richness helps us to grasp different realities, and to show how the metaphor can help us to understand problematic situations within the framework of a pragmatist geography. Three figurative meanings of the word horizon are developed. The recognition of geological horizons invites us to question the nature of the landscape discontinuities identified in the world, between basic unit, demarcation line and landmark (scape). The exploration of the environment, at the invitation of phenomenological horizons, finds its application in the geographical study of spaces as experienced by their users (motion-scape). Being moved by the fusion of horizons proposed by Gadamer (1960) makes it possible to discuss the possibility of approaching another horizon and to underline that understanding in dialogue contributes to the elaboration of a common horizon (e-motion-scape). For each of these approaches, the essential concepts are defined and an example taken from the geography of the Rhône River is described in detail, in order to highlight the added value of using the spatial metaphor. The debates surrounding the Messinian crisis in the Rhône basin, the landscape consequences of ecological restoration operations and river conservation strategies, as well as the controversies raised by the economic development of the Rhône are successively presented. These metaphorical uses of the horizon reveal three attitudes towards the world (detachment, domination and interdependence) and its discontinuities (discerning, crossing and erasing), which can help to apprehend problematic situations.El doble objetivo de este artículo exploratorio es subrayar el interés de la metáfora del horizonte, cuya riqueza hermenéutica contribuye a comprender diferentes realidades, y mostrar cómo la metáfora puede promover la comprensión de situaciones problemáticas en el contexto de una geografía pragmática. Se desarrollan tres significados figurados de la palabra horizonte. Voir (Ver) los horizontes geológicos, nos invita a cuestionar la naturaleza de las discontinuidades del paisaje identificadas en el mundo, entre una unidad de base, línea de demarcación y un punto de referencia o hito. Se mou-voir, es invitado por horizontes fenomenológicos, encuentra aplicación en el estudio geográfico de los espacios tal como lo experimentan o viven sus usuarios. S’é-mou-voir se desarrolla por la fusión de horizontes propuesta por Gadamer (1960) permite discutir la posibilidad de aproximarse a otro horizonte y enfatizar que la comprensión en el diálogo contribuye a construir un horizonte común. Para cada uno de estos enfoques, se definen sus nociones esenciales sostenidas con un detallado ejemplo a partir de la geografía fluvial del Ródano para resaltar el valor añadido del uso de la metáfora espacial. Se presentan así sucesivamente los debates en torno a la crisis mesiniana en la cuenca del Ródano, las consecuencias paisajísticas de las operaciones de restauración ecológica, las estrategias de conservación del río y las controversias suscitadas por su desarrollo económico. Estos usos metafóricos del horizonte visibilizan tres posturas ante el mundo (desapego, dominación e interdependencia) y sus discontinuidades (discernir, cruzar y borrar), que pueden contribuir a comprender situaciones complejas.Le double objectif de cet article exploratoire est de souligner l’intérêt de la métaphore de l’horizon dont la richesse herméneutique aide à appréhender différentes réalités, et de montrer comment la métaphore peut favoriser la compréhension des situations problématiques dans le cadre d’une géographie pragmatiste. Trois sens figurés du mot horizon sont développés. Voir les horizons géologiques invite à questionner la nature des discontinuités paysagères identifiées dans le monde, entre unité de base, ligne de démarcation et point de repère. Se mou-voir dans l’environnement, à l’invitation des horizons phénoménologiques, trouve une application dans l’étude géographique des espaces tels qu’ils sont vécus par leurs usagers. S’é-mou-voir à la faveur de la fusion des horizons proposée par Gadamer (1960) permet de discuter de la possibilité de se rapprocher d’un autre horizon et de souligner que la compréhension dans le dialogue contribue à l’élaboration d’un horizon commun. Pour chacune de ces approches, les notions essentielles sont définies et un exemple emprunté à la géographie fluviale du Rhône est détaillé pour mettre en valeur la plus-value du recours à la métaphore spatiale. Sont ainsi présentés successivement les débats autour de la crise messinienne dans le bassin rhodanien, les conséquences paysagères des opérations de restauration écologique et des stratégies de conservation du fleuve, ainsi que les controverses que suscite sa mise en valeur économique. Ces emplois métaphoriques de l’horizon révèlent trois postures à l’égard du monde (détachement, domination et interdépendance) et de ses discontinuités (discerner, franchir et effacer), qui peuvent aider à appréhender les situations problématiques